PSC 152 Exam 1 Study Guide UPDATED ACTUAL Questions
and CORRECT Answers
What is psychological knowledge based on? data
What is psychological knowledge NOT based on? intuition, doctrine, consensus
carefully collected, unbiased, replicated stats data
pose question --> background research --> construct scientific method
hypothesis --> design study to test hypothesis -->
collect and analyze data --> draw conclusions
people think they view the world "objectively", as it truly naïve realism
is
people sometime being unaware of own biases, deny Bias blind spot
having them, "you're more biased than I am"
measures strength of relationship between 2 variables, observational / correlational research
range from -1 to +1, the absolute value of number
signifies strength, +/- signifies nature of the relationship
convenience in administration, can study issues that advantages of correlational research
can't be experimentally manipulated
lack of insight into what causes what, 3 possible disadvantages of correlational research
explanations for X-Y link
influence of vivid anectodes availability heuristic
look for cause and effect relationship - does X cause Y? the essential components of an experimental design
Researcher creates cause and measures effect
manipulated (the cause) - all other factors held independent variable (IV)
constant - must have at least 2 conditions
creates an equal chance of being in any condition random assignment
another term for random assignment, distributes all The Great Equalizer
unknown factors across conditions
a variable that varies systematically with the confound variable
independent variable
can't always randomly assign events , artificiality of disadvantages of experimental research
laboratory
, did the change in the independent variable cause internal validity
change in the dependent variable? --> correlational
studies are low while well-designed experiments are
high
does the study generalize to other populations, times, external validity
settings, and situations?
if the study resembles real life mundane realism
if the study activates similar psychological processes as psychological realism
in real life
correlational studies vs experiments example of internal vs external validity
trying to do everything the same direct/close replication
different manipulation of "cause" and/or different conceptual replication
measure of "effects", different settings, different
populations
the social world shapes how we think --> other people social cognition
affect our judgements of 3rd persons and our
judgements of people depend on our relationship with
them
people strive for mastery - want predictability / epistemic needs / motivational principle #1 of social cognition
controllability over surroundings
people seek connectedness - want acceptance from belonging needs - motivational principle #2 of social cognition
those we care about
people value 'me' and 'we' - want to see ourselves esteem needs - motivational principle #3 of social cognition
favorably
the idea that established views change slowly conservatism
the tendency to accept confirming evidence, and confirmation bias
scrutinize disconfirming evidence especially for issues
we personally deem important
information that is most readily available has the most accessibility
impact on judgement and behavior - available in
environment or in our own minds
information processing can be done with or without superficiality vs. depth
effort - motivation and ability / opportunity are key
the presence of labels caused people to exaggerate category accentuation ; Tajfel and Wilke's (1963)
similarity within groups; exaggerate differences
between groups
and CORRECT Answers
What is psychological knowledge based on? data
What is psychological knowledge NOT based on? intuition, doctrine, consensus
carefully collected, unbiased, replicated stats data
pose question --> background research --> construct scientific method
hypothesis --> design study to test hypothesis -->
collect and analyze data --> draw conclusions
people think they view the world "objectively", as it truly naïve realism
is
people sometime being unaware of own biases, deny Bias blind spot
having them, "you're more biased than I am"
measures strength of relationship between 2 variables, observational / correlational research
range from -1 to +1, the absolute value of number
signifies strength, +/- signifies nature of the relationship
convenience in administration, can study issues that advantages of correlational research
can't be experimentally manipulated
lack of insight into what causes what, 3 possible disadvantages of correlational research
explanations for X-Y link
influence of vivid anectodes availability heuristic
look for cause and effect relationship - does X cause Y? the essential components of an experimental design
Researcher creates cause and measures effect
manipulated (the cause) - all other factors held independent variable (IV)
constant - must have at least 2 conditions
creates an equal chance of being in any condition random assignment
another term for random assignment, distributes all The Great Equalizer
unknown factors across conditions
a variable that varies systematically with the confound variable
independent variable
can't always randomly assign events , artificiality of disadvantages of experimental research
laboratory
, did the change in the independent variable cause internal validity
change in the dependent variable? --> correlational
studies are low while well-designed experiments are
high
does the study generalize to other populations, times, external validity
settings, and situations?
if the study resembles real life mundane realism
if the study activates similar psychological processes as psychological realism
in real life
correlational studies vs experiments example of internal vs external validity
trying to do everything the same direct/close replication
different manipulation of "cause" and/or different conceptual replication
measure of "effects", different settings, different
populations
the social world shapes how we think --> other people social cognition
affect our judgements of 3rd persons and our
judgements of people depend on our relationship with
them
people strive for mastery - want predictability / epistemic needs / motivational principle #1 of social cognition
controllability over surroundings
people seek connectedness - want acceptance from belonging needs - motivational principle #2 of social cognition
those we care about
people value 'me' and 'we' - want to see ourselves esteem needs - motivational principle #3 of social cognition
favorably
the idea that established views change slowly conservatism
the tendency to accept confirming evidence, and confirmation bias
scrutinize disconfirming evidence especially for issues
we personally deem important
information that is most readily available has the most accessibility
impact on judgement and behavior - available in
environment or in our own minds
information processing can be done with or without superficiality vs. depth
effort - motivation and ability / opportunity are key
the presence of labels caused people to exaggerate category accentuation ; Tajfel and Wilke's (1963)
similarity within groups; exaggerate differences
between groups
