PSC 152 Exam 1 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
psychological knowledge based on observed data that is carefully collected, unbiased, and replicable
during procedures and findings; not based on intuition, doctrine, consensus, or
testimonials
naive realism people think they view the world "objectively", as it truly is, which introduces
biases
bias blind spot occurs when people they are less susceptible to biases than other people are;
we recognize biases in others, but fail to see them in ourselves
availability heuristic mental shortcut where people judge the likelihood or frequency of an event
based on how easily examples come to mind
common death beliefs news coverage and media attention increases the availability in our minds of
certain events; there is an overestimation of rare events and an underestimation
of common events due to the media/news coverage
correlation research shows the strength and direction between two variables; there is convenience
in administering the study and it can study issues that can't be experimentally
manipulated, but it lacks the insight into what causes what
experimental design the independent variable is manipulated, while all other factors are held
constant; there must be at least two conditions and participants must be
randomly assigned to the conditions; there can't always be randomly assigned
events and the artificiality of a laboratory can make participants pay more
attention and act differently when they know they are being watched
confound variable in a study that correlates with the independent variable, potentially
creating a false or distorted relationship
random assignment "The Great Equalizer", all participants have an equal chance of being in any
condition and it distributes all unknown factors across conditions
, internal validity the confidence with which researchers can conclude that the independent
variable produced the observed changes in the dependent variable; in
correlation research it is low, but in well-designed experiments it is high
external validity occurs when the study generalizes to other populations, times, settings, and
situations
mundane realism when the study resembles real life
psychological realism when the study activates similar psychological processes in real life; prioritized
over mundane realism
direct/close replication practice of repeating a previous study's methodology as closely as possible
conceptual replication tests an original study's underlying hypothesis or theory using different
methods, measures, or populations; it explores if an effect generalizes across
contexts and validates the theoretical mechanism rather than just the specific
procedure
motivational principles people strive for mastery (epistemic needs), people seek connectedness
(belonging needs), and people value 'me' and 'we' (esteem needs)
conservatism characterized by a preference for structure, order, and closure, resulting in a
resistance to change and a preference for established systems (established
views change slowly)
confirmation bias when we accept confirming evidence and scrutinize disconfirming evidence to
our beliefs
accessibility the idea that information that is most readily available has the most impact on
our judgment and behavior; information is available in our environment or in
our minds
superficial information processing done without effort and it is fragile, short-term memory
deep information processing done with effort and used to understand, analyze, and apply knowledge;
motivation and ability/opportunity are key
Tajfel & Wilke a study with lines and category labels; the presence of labels caused people
to rate lines in Group A as very similar and lines in Group B as very similar, but
the lines between the two groups were rated as dissimilar; showed we tend to
exaggerate similarity within groups and exaggerate differences between
groups, labels don't just organize information, but they actively reshape show
we see it
Minimal group paradigm people were randomly assigned to groups based on meaningless criteria; Tajfel
found that people had more favorable attitudes and behavior toward in-group
vs. outgroup members, which was based on categorization into "us" vs. "them"
and esteem needs
Answers
psychological knowledge based on observed data that is carefully collected, unbiased, and replicable
during procedures and findings; not based on intuition, doctrine, consensus, or
testimonials
naive realism people think they view the world "objectively", as it truly is, which introduces
biases
bias blind spot occurs when people they are less susceptible to biases than other people are;
we recognize biases in others, but fail to see them in ourselves
availability heuristic mental shortcut where people judge the likelihood or frequency of an event
based on how easily examples come to mind
common death beliefs news coverage and media attention increases the availability in our minds of
certain events; there is an overestimation of rare events and an underestimation
of common events due to the media/news coverage
correlation research shows the strength and direction between two variables; there is convenience
in administering the study and it can study issues that can't be experimentally
manipulated, but it lacks the insight into what causes what
experimental design the independent variable is manipulated, while all other factors are held
constant; there must be at least two conditions and participants must be
randomly assigned to the conditions; there can't always be randomly assigned
events and the artificiality of a laboratory can make participants pay more
attention and act differently when they know they are being watched
confound variable in a study that correlates with the independent variable, potentially
creating a false or distorted relationship
random assignment "The Great Equalizer", all participants have an equal chance of being in any
condition and it distributes all unknown factors across conditions
, internal validity the confidence with which researchers can conclude that the independent
variable produced the observed changes in the dependent variable; in
correlation research it is low, but in well-designed experiments it is high
external validity occurs when the study generalizes to other populations, times, settings, and
situations
mundane realism when the study resembles real life
psychological realism when the study activates similar psychological processes in real life; prioritized
over mundane realism
direct/close replication practice of repeating a previous study's methodology as closely as possible
conceptual replication tests an original study's underlying hypothesis or theory using different
methods, measures, or populations; it explores if an effect generalizes across
contexts and validates the theoretical mechanism rather than just the specific
procedure
motivational principles people strive for mastery (epistemic needs), people seek connectedness
(belonging needs), and people value 'me' and 'we' (esteem needs)
conservatism characterized by a preference for structure, order, and closure, resulting in a
resistance to change and a preference for established systems (established
views change slowly)
confirmation bias when we accept confirming evidence and scrutinize disconfirming evidence to
our beliefs
accessibility the idea that information that is most readily available has the most impact on
our judgment and behavior; information is available in our environment or in
our minds
superficial information processing done without effort and it is fragile, short-term memory
deep information processing done with effort and used to understand, analyze, and apply knowledge;
motivation and ability/opportunity are key
Tajfel & Wilke a study with lines and category labels; the presence of labels caused people
to rate lines in Group A as very similar and lines in Group B as very similar, but
the lines between the two groups were rated as dissimilar; showed we tend to
exaggerate similarity within groups and exaggerate differences between
groups, labels don't just organize information, but they actively reshape show
we see it
Minimal group paradigm people were randomly assigned to groups based on meaningless criteria; Tajfel
found that people had more favorable attitudes and behavior toward in-group
vs. outgroup members, which was based on categorization into "us" vs. "them"
and esteem needs
