NUR 376 PATHO FINAL LATEST 2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED GRADED A+

NUR 376 PATHO FINAL LATEST
2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED GRADED A+
Innatemimmunitymis?m-mCORRECTmANSWERm1stmlinemofmdefensemagainstminfection

Nonspecificmmechanismmthatmdefendsmthembodymimmediatelymagainstmallmtypesmofmpathogens



Adaptivemimmunitymis?m-mCORRECTmANSWERm-2ndmlinemofmdefensemagainstminfection

-Developedmwithmexposuremtomantigensmandmtargetsmparticularmpathogens

-IncludesmBmandmTmcellsmtomfightminfectionmandmcreatemantibodies



Twommajormcategoriesmofmadaptivemimmunitym-
mCORRECTmANSWERm1.mBmlymphocytemimmunitym(humoral)



2.mTmlymphocytemimmunitym(cell-mediated)



Passive-acquiredmadaptivemimmunitym-mCORRECTmANSWERm-
Individualmgivenmpremmade,mfullymformedmantibodiesmagainstmanmantigen

-Providesmimmediatembutmshortmtermmimmunity.

m Ex:mInfantmacquiringmantibodiesminmbreastmmilk



Activemacquiredmadaptivemimmunitym-
mCORRECTmANSWERmLongermlastingmimmunitymthanmpassive-


acquiredmadaptivemimmunitymbutmnotmpermanent.

Ex:mVaccine



Immunocompetencemvs.mImmunosuppressionm-
mCORRECTmANSWERmImmunocompetencemrefersmtomthemindividualsmabilitymtomprotectmoneselfmfr

,omminfectiousmagentsmbecausemofmamstrongmimmunemsystem.mImmunosuppressionmindicatesmamd
efectivemimmunemsystemmthatmplacesmpersonmatmhighermriskmforminfection.



Definemimmunodeficiencym-mCORRECTmANSWERmWeakenedmimmunemsystem



Definemprimarymimmunodeficiencym-
mCORRECTmANSWERmPresentm@mbirth,monlymaffectsmonemcellmtype




**IgAmdeficiencymmostmcommon



Definemseveremcombinedmimmunodeficiencym(SCID).m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmNegativelymaffectsmbothmBmandmTmcellmdevelopmentmsomtheremismincreasedmri


skmforminfection.



Typem2:mCytotoxicmHypersensitivitym-
mCORRECTmANSWERmMostmcommon:mTransfusionmofmthemwrongmblood



Causesmimmunemsystemmtomattackmnewlymtransfusedmcells



WBCmcountmnormallymvs.minfectionm-mCORRECTmANSWERmNormal:

4,500-11,000mcells/ml



Duringminfection:

~15,000-20,000mcells/ml



PathophysiologicmchangesminmWBCsm-mCORRECTmANSWERm-leukopenia

-leukocytosism

,??



Hypervolemiam-mCORRECTmANSWERm



HypertonicmIVmSolution



whatmdoesmhypertonicmmean?

whatmaremthemtypesmofmhypertonicmfluid?m(6)

whatmdoesmitmtreat?

whatmaremthemnursingminterventions?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmHypertonic=mexcessivemfluidmextracellularmspace,mcausingmcellmtomshrinkm




FluidmTypes:

1.)m3%mSaline

2.)m5%mSaline

3.)m5%mDextroseminm0.9%mSaline

4.)m5%mDextroseminm0.45%mSaline

5.)m5%mDextroseminmLR

6.)m10%mDextroseminmH2O



Treats:

-mHyponatremiam(pullsmNa+mbackmintomintravascularmsystem)

m **remembermwatermfollowsmsodium**

-cerebralmedema



Interventions:

, -GivemcautiouslyminmICUmviamcentralmline

m -Rapidmabsorptionmsombodymcanmbemaffectedmquicklym

-Monitormformfluidmoverload,melectrolytemimbalance,mBP,mHR



HypotonicmIVmSolution



whatmdoesmhypotonicmmean?

whatmaremthemtypesmofmhypertonicmfluid?m(3)

Treats?

Contraindications?m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmHypotonic=mDecreaseminmextracellularmconcentration,mIncreaseminmintracellu


larmconcentration.m

SidemEffects=mcellmlysesm(rupture)mandmdepletionmofmfluidminmcirculatorymsystem



FluidmTypes:

1.)m0.45%mSalinem(1/2mnormalmsaline)

2.)m0.225%mSalinem(1/4mnormalmsaline)

3.)m0.33%mSalinem(1/3mnormalmsaline)



Treats:

-mHydratesmcell

-Hyperglycemia

-Diabeticmketoacidosism(DKA)

-Hyperosmolarm(extremelymhighmbloodmglucosemlevels)



Contraindications:

-Patientsmwithmincreasedmcranialmpressurem(fluidmwillmshiftmintombrainmtissuemcausingmswelling)