Acute Transitional Care II (NURB 345) Exam 1 Study
Guide DRAFT Latest 2026 Questions and Correct
Detailed Answers Already Graded A+
A large gauge should be used for large volume replacements while a smaller
gauge should be used for small and/or short veins. - CORRECT ANSWER-When
should a large gauge and small gauge be used for IV therapy?
-When a PIV unavailable
-With large volume
-With irritating IVFs (ie. TPN, K+)
-For long term/home use - CORRECT ANSWER-When is a central line used?
A PICC is inserted in the AC or upper arm. - CORRECT ANSWER-Where is a PICC
inserted?
A triple lumen catheter can be used for multiple incompatible medications. -
CORRECT ANSWER-What can a triple lumen catheter (TLC) be used for?
Albumin is a protein made by the liver that holds/pulls blood plasma in the blood
vessels, providing osmotic (oncotic) pressure. Albumin helps keep fluid from
,leaking out of the blood vessels and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes
throughout the body. Further, albumin accounts for about 60% of plasma
proteins. - CORRECT ANSWER-What is albumin?
Osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by solutes, such as sugars, salts, and
proteins, in the blood that holds fluid in the blood vessels and pulls fluid from the
interstitial space into the blood vessels. Oncotic pressure is a specific type of
osmotic pressure exerted by albumin. Hydrostatic pressure, or blood pressure, is
the force exerted on the vessel walls by blood. - CORRECT ANSWER-What are
hydrostatic, osmotic, and oncotic pressures?
If there is a decrease in fluid volume, then hydrostatic pressure will decrease,
leading to hypotension. If there is an increase in fluid volume, then hydrostatic
pressure will also increase and lead to hypertension. When BP increases, fluid will
start to be pushed out of the intravascular space and into the interstitial space,
leading to peripheral edema. - CORRECT ANSWER-What happens when there
is a change in hydrostatic pressure?
Hypovolemia is decreased fluid volume in the blood vessels that occurs either due
to blood loss or fluid loss. If hypovolemia occurs, then there will be decreased
venous return, resulting in a decreased preload and decreased stroke volume.
Then cardiac output will decrease, causing BP to decrease. This leads to decreased
perfusion and tissue hypoxia, which causes organ dysfunction. If not reversed,
,then multiorgan failure and hypovolemic shock may occur. - CORRECT
ANSWER-What is HYPOvolemia, and why is it important?
-Increased HR***
-Decreased BP***
-Weak, thready pulse
-Flat veins (due to blood shunting away from the periphery and towards vital
organs)
-Confusion
-Weakness
-Poor skin turgor
-Cool skin
-Pallor
-Oliguria (because kidneys try to hold onto more fluid)
-If due to BLOOD loss, DECREASED Hgb
-If due to FLUID loss, INCREASED Hgb - CORRECT ANSWER-What are s/s of
HYPOvolemia?
, Hypervolemia is increased fluid volume in blood vessels, which can be due to
medical conditions (ie. renal failure, heart failure, and liver failure), overhydration
with IVFs, or overuse of steroids. S/s of hypervolemia may include:
-Anxiety (from fluid in the lungs preventing breathing)
-Increased BNP
-Crackles/rales due to pulmonary edema
-Shortness of breath
-Bounding pulse
-JVD
-Diluted labs (Hgb, Hct, and Na+)
-S3 heart sound
-Peripheral edema
-Weight gain
-Increased BP - CORRECT ANSWER-What is HYPERvolemia, and what are s/s of
hypervolemia?
Hypovolemia is treated by stopping or fixing the cause, starting IVF treatment
with crystalloids or colloids, and if needed, using whole blood or blood products if
the hypovolemia is due to blood loss. Note that the patient may go into
Guide DRAFT Latest 2026 Questions and Correct
Detailed Answers Already Graded A+
A large gauge should be used for large volume replacements while a smaller
gauge should be used for small and/or short veins. - CORRECT ANSWER-When
should a large gauge and small gauge be used for IV therapy?
-When a PIV unavailable
-With large volume
-With irritating IVFs (ie. TPN, K+)
-For long term/home use - CORRECT ANSWER-When is a central line used?
A PICC is inserted in the AC or upper arm. - CORRECT ANSWER-Where is a PICC
inserted?
A triple lumen catheter can be used for multiple incompatible medications. -
CORRECT ANSWER-What can a triple lumen catheter (TLC) be used for?
Albumin is a protein made by the liver that holds/pulls blood plasma in the blood
vessels, providing osmotic (oncotic) pressure. Albumin helps keep fluid from
,leaking out of the blood vessels and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes
throughout the body. Further, albumin accounts for about 60% of plasma
proteins. - CORRECT ANSWER-What is albumin?
Osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by solutes, such as sugars, salts, and
proteins, in the blood that holds fluid in the blood vessels and pulls fluid from the
interstitial space into the blood vessels. Oncotic pressure is a specific type of
osmotic pressure exerted by albumin. Hydrostatic pressure, or blood pressure, is
the force exerted on the vessel walls by blood. - CORRECT ANSWER-What are
hydrostatic, osmotic, and oncotic pressures?
If there is a decrease in fluid volume, then hydrostatic pressure will decrease,
leading to hypotension. If there is an increase in fluid volume, then hydrostatic
pressure will also increase and lead to hypertension. When BP increases, fluid will
start to be pushed out of the intravascular space and into the interstitial space,
leading to peripheral edema. - CORRECT ANSWER-What happens when there
is a change in hydrostatic pressure?
Hypovolemia is decreased fluid volume in the blood vessels that occurs either due
to blood loss or fluid loss. If hypovolemia occurs, then there will be decreased
venous return, resulting in a decreased preload and decreased stroke volume.
Then cardiac output will decrease, causing BP to decrease. This leads to decreased
perfusion and tissue hypoxia, which causes organ dysfunction. If not reversed,
,then multiorgan failure and hypovolemic shock may occur. - CORRECT
ANSWER-What is HYPOvolemia, and why is it important?
-Increased HR***
-Decreased BP***
-Weak, thready pulse
-Flat veins (due to blood shunting away from the periphery and towards vital
organs)
-Confusion
-Weakness
-Poor skin turgor
-Cool skin
-Pallor
-Oliguria (because kidneys try to hold onto more fluid)
-If due to BLOOD loss, DECREASED Hgb
-If due to FLUID loss, INCREASED Hgb - CORRECT ANSWER-What are s/s of
HYPOvolemia?
, Hypervolemia is increased fluid volume in blood vessels, which can be due to
medical conditions (ie. renal failure, heart failure, and liver failure), overhydration
with IVFs, or overuse of steroids. S/s of hypervolemia may include:
-Anxiety (from fluid in the lungs preventing breathing)
-Increased BNP
-Crackles/rales due to pulmonary edema
-Shortness of breath
-Bounding pulse
-JVD
-Diluted labs (Hgb, Hct, and Na+)
-S3 heart sound
-Peripheral edema
-Weight gain
-Increased BP - CORRECT ANSWER-What is HYPERvolemia, and what are s/s of
hypervolemia?
Hypovolemia is treated by stopping or fixing the cause, starting IVF treatment
with crystalloids or colloids, and if needed, using whole blood or blood products if
the hypovolemia is due to blood loss. Note that the patient may go into
