REDOX PART-1

### **1. Fundamental Redox & Bonding** * **Electronegativity (EN) Trends**: The notes include a detailed reference table for EN values of major elements like H (2.1), F (4.0), and O (3.5). * **Oxidation Number Rules**: It outlines rules for determining oxidation states in covalent bonds based on EN differences (e.g., if EN(A) EN(B), then A is +1 and B is -1). * **Structure vs. Contribution**: Explicit notes mention that identical atoms sharing electrons (A=A) contribute zero to the oxidation number. ### **2. Organic Chemistry & Carbohydrates** * **Carbohydrate Definition**: Defines them as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. * **Isomer Comparisons**: Provides structural differences between Glucose, Mannose, Galactose, and Fructose, specifically noting configurations at the 3-OH, 2,3-OH, and 3,4-OH positions. * **D/L Nomenclature**: Mentions D-glyceraldehyde as the parent structure, identifying the "D" configuration when the -OH group is on the right at the second-to-last position. ### **3. Oxoacids and Structural Chemistry** The document features extensive structural diagrams and oxidation state calculations for several series: * **Sulphur Compounds**: Includes Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂), Sulphur Trioxide (SO₃), and various acids like Thiosulphuric Acid (H_2S_2O_3) and Marshall's Acid (H_2S_2O_8). * **Phosphorus Series**: Details Phosphoric Acid (H_3PO_4), Phosphorous Acid (H_3PO_3), and Hypophosphorous Acid (H_3PO_2), noting their basicity (f=1, 2, 3). * **Nitrogen & Halogens**: Covers Nitric Acid (HNO_3), Nitrous Acid (HNO_2), and the full chlorine oxoacid series from Hypochlorous to Perchloric acid. ### **4. Advanced Compounds & Nomenclature Tricks** * **Special Structures**: Diagrams are provided for CrO₅ (butterfly structure), Chromyl Chloride (CrO_2Cl_2), and various ions like Permanganate (MnO_4^-) and Dichromate (Cr_2O_7^{2-}). * **Nomenclature "Trick"**: A flowchart explains how to name acids based on adding or removing Oxygen or Water (e.g., Ortho-ic acid - H_2O = Meta-ic acid; 2x Ortho-ic acid - H_2O = Pyro-ic acid).