Final Exam PSYC 435 Perkins UPDATED ACTUAL Questions
and CORRECT Answers
observational learning the behavior of a model is witnessed by an observer, and the observer's
behavior is subsequently changed
contagious behavior intensive or reflexive behavior triggered by the occurrence of the same
behavior in another individual
ex: running in a large crowd when seeing other people run away from
something
stimulus enhancement the probability of a behavior is changed because an individual's attention is
drawn to a particular item or location by the behavior of another individual
how does social learning play a role in what we eat and through stimulus enhancement, we see things we wouldn't naturally notice and
drink? then want them
ex: child going to a candy bowl reminds us that the candy is there and makes us
want a piece
how is observational learning potentially involved in through vicarious emotional responses, which are conditioned due to
learning a classically conditioned response? observing emotional responses shown by others
how is observational learning potentially involved in we can see the reinforcement affects without them happening to us;
learning a operantly conditioned response? importance between acquisition and performance
acquisition the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented
together
factors that influence performance: ability, motivation, and environment
, 4 factors that lead to an individual's increased attention 1. sensitive to consequences of model's behavior
to a model? 2. whether or not the observer receives reinforcement for the behavior of
attending to the model
3. whether the observer has sufficient skills to benefit from the modeling
4. the personal characteristics of a model can strongly influence the extent to
which we will attend to their behavior (we model things that resemble us)
imitation copying the behavior of another person
true imitation duplicating a novel behavior (or sequence of behaviors) to achieve a specific
goal
generalized imitation the tendency to imitate a new modeled behavior in the absence of any specific
reinforcement for doing so
evidence of animal imitation abilities there are limitations for animals imitation abilities, they often have to be related
to biological systems already in place
Chesler's study with kittens demonstrated that that kittens learn better in modeling when their mothers
press the lever to receive food first, rather than a human pressing the lever
bobo doll study conducted by Bandura, children observed adult models behaving aggressively
towards a bobo doll, the children were then tested to determine whether they
also had learned this aggressive behavior, it showed that children tended to
replicate these behaviors, even down to the same movements and weapons
used; but, if the behavior was demonstrated to be punished, it was less likely to
be imitated
social learning relating to aggression the constant model of violence in todays media along with higher rates of
accessibility for children, video games can be seen to correlate with real world
aggression in longitudinal studies
rule a verbal description of a contingency
rule-governed behavior behavior that has been generated through exposure to rules
ex: doing what the course outline told you to do
advantages of rules: useful for rapidly establishing appropriate patterns of behavior, we can learn
through our environment but their usefulness depends on consequences
disadvantages of rules: you cannot learn certain things without actual practice, and such behavior can
sometimes be detrimental to the actual contingencies of reinforcement
ex: practicing tennis in order to be good but using the wrong swing for years
which hinders skill level
personal rules verbal descriptions of contingencies that we present to ourselves to influence
our behavior
say-do correspondence occurs when there is a close match between what we say and what we do
personal process rules personal rules that indicate the specific process by which a task is to be
accomplished, rules are effective because they establish a bright boundary
between actions that conform to the rules vs those that do not
and CORRECT Answers
observational learning the behavior of a model is witnessed by an observer, and the observer's
behavior is subsequently changed
contagious behavior intensive or reflexive behavior triggered by the occurrence of the same
behavior in another individual
ex: running in a large crowd when seeing other people run away from
something
stimulus enhancement the probability of a behavior is changed because an individual's attention is
drawn to a particular item or location by the behavior of another individual
how does social learning play a role in what we eat and through stimulus enhancement, we see things we wouldn't naturally notice and
drink? then want them
ex: child going to a candy bowl reminds us that the candy is there and makes us
want a piece
how is observational learning potentially involved in through vicarious emotional responses, which are conditioned due to
learning a classically conditioned response? observing emotional responses shown by others
how is observational learning potentially involved in we can see the reinforcement affects without them happening to us;
learning a operantly conditioned response? importance between acquisition and performance
acquisition the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented
together
factors that influence performance: ability, motivation, and environment
, 4 factors that lead to an individual's increased attention 1. sensitive to consequences of model's behavior
to a model? 2. whether or not the observer receives reinforcement for the behavior of
attending to the model
3. whether the observer has sufficient skills to benefit from the modeling
4. the personal characteristics of a model can strongly influence the extent to
which we will attend to their behavior (we model things that resemble us)
imitation copying the behavior of another person
true imitation duplicating a novel behavior (or sequence of behaviors) to achieve a specific
goal
generalized imitation the tendency to imitate a new modeled behavior in the absence of any specific
reinforcement for doing so
evidence of animal imitation abilities there are limitations for animals imitation abilities, they often have to be related
to biological systems already in place
Chesler's study with kittens demonstrated that that kittens learn better in modeling when their mothers
press the lever to receive food first, rather than a human pressing the lever
bobo doll study conducted by Bandura, children observed adult models behaving aggressively
towards a bobo doll, the children were then tested to determine whether they
also had learned this aggressive behavior, it showed that children tended to
replicate these behaviors, even down to the same movements and weapons
used; but, if the behavior was demonstrated to be punished, it was less likely to
be imitated
social learning relating to aggression the constant model of violence in todays media along with higher rates of
accessibility for children, video games can be seen to correlate with real world
aggression in longitudinal studies
rule a verbal description of a contingency
rule-governed behavior behavior that has been generated through exposure to rules
ex: doing what the course outline told you to do
advantages of rules: useful for rapidly establishing appropriate patterns of behavior, we can learn
through our environment but their usefulness depends on consequences
disadvantages of rules: you cannot learn certain things without actual practice, and such behavior can
sometimes be detrimental to the actual contingencies of reinforcement
ex: practicing tennis in order to be good but using the wrong swing for years
which hinders skill level
personal rules verbal descriptions of contingencies that we present to ourselves to influence
our behavior
say-do correspondence occurs when there is a close match between what we say and what we do
personal process rules personal rules that indicate the specific process by which a task is to be
accomplished, rules are effective because they establish a bright boundary
between actions that conform to the rules vs those that do not
