Psychology 388 - Introduction to Counselling (Final Exam)
UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Advocacy Helping clients challenge institutional and social barriers that impede
academic, career, or personal social development and increase clients sense of
personal power.
Counselling A process that seeks to help people improve their well-being and increase
their ability to make decisions for the present and future.
Guidance It focuses on assisting a person with time- and context-limited decisions.
Positive psychology The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and
promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to
thrive
Psychologist A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or
more areas of psychology
Psychotherapy Focused on serious problems associated with intrapsychic, internal and
personal issues and conflicts.
Social Justice An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to
fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.
Social Work Profession concerned with helping individuals, families, groups, and
communities to enhance their individual and collective well being
Technology-based counselling Email facilitated counsellor to counsellor interaction, websites, online
professional counselling journals, can be used to enhance services if they
follow guidelines on internet counselling.
Leadership The action of leading a group of people or an organization. (Page 23)
Wellness A way of life oriented toward optimal health and well-being in which body,
mind, and spirit are integrated by the individual to live life more fully within the
human and natural community.
Roger F. Aubrey Human development counselling
Aaron Beck Cognitive therapy
Eric Berne Transactional analysis
Albert Ellis Rational emotive therapy
Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development, Closely related to cognitive ability and empathy.
Abraham Maslow Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, self-actualization is the point of full potential.
, Jane Myers Developed model for promoting wellness
Frank Parsons Founder of guidance, focus on growth and prevention, founded Boston's
Vocational Bureau
Clifford Beers Advocate for mental health facilities and reform in treatment of people with
mental illness after own hospitalization. His work was the beginning of the
mental health movement.
Donald Super Career development, advances in developmental psychology
Carl Rogers Humanistic, Client-centered theories. First to emphasize client-centered
approach, advocates clients responsibility for growth.
E.G. Williamson First theory of counselling, Trait-Factor theory, Task of counsellor is to
determine deficiency in client.
Burnout State of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one
cannot perform functions meaningfully.
Nonprofessional helpers Friends, colleagues, untrained volunteers, or supervisors who try to assist those
in need. (No specific educational requirements.)
Paraprofessionals (Generalist human service workers) Have received some formal training in human relation skills but work as part of
a team rather than as individuals. Often work as mental health technicians, child
care workers, probation personnel, and youth counsellors.
Professional Helpers Persons educated to provide assistance on both a preventative and remedial
level. This group includes counsellors, psychologists, psychiatrists, social
workers, psychiatric nurses, and marriage and family therapists. Specialized
advanced degrees at this level.
Psychiatrists Earn a medical degree (MD), compete residency in psychiatry. Specialists in
working with people who have major psychological disorders. (Generally take
on almost excuse biopsychological approach.
Psychologists Regulated within the province or territory where they practice.
UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Advocacy Helping clients challenge institutional and social barriers that impede
academic, career, or personal social development and increase clients sense of
personal power.
Counselling A process that seeks to help people improve their well-being and increase
their ability to make decisions for the present and future.
Guidance It focuses on assisting a person with time- and context-limited decisions.
Positive psychology The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and
promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to
thrive
Psychologist A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or
more areas of psychology
Psychotherapy Focused on serious problems associated with intrapsychic, internal and
personal issues and conflicts.
Social Justice An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to
fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.
Social Work Profession concerned with helping individuals, families, groups, and
communities to enhance their individual and collective well being
Technology-based counselling Email facilitated counsellor to counsellor interaction, websites, online
professional counselling journals, can be used to enhance services if they
follow guidelines on internet counselling.
Leadership The action of leading a group of people or an organization. (Page 23)
Wellness A way of life oriented toward optimal health and well-being in which body,
mind, and spirit are integrated by the individual to live life more fully within the
human and natural community.
Roger F. Aubrey Human development counselling
Aaron Beck Cognitive therapy
Eric Berne Transactional analysis
Albert Ellis Rational emotive therapy
Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development, Closely related to cognitive ability and empathy.
Abraham Maslow Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, self-actualization is the point of full potential.
, Jane Myers Developed model for promoting wellness
Frank Parsons Founder of guidance, focus on growth and prevention, founded Boston's
Vocational Bureau
Clifford Beers Advocate for mental health facilities and reform in treatment of people with
mental illness after own hospitalization. His work was the beginning of the
mental health movement.
Donald Super Career development, advances in developmental psychology
Carl Rogers Humanistic, Client-centered theories. First to emphasize client-centered
approach, advocates clients responsibility for growth.
E.G. Williamson First theory of counselling, Trait-Factor theory, Task of counsellor is to
determine deficiency in client.
Burnout State of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one
cannot perform functions meaningfully.
Nonprofessional helpers Friends, colleagues, untrained volunteers, or supervisors who try to assist those
in need. (No specific educational requirements.)
Paraprofessionals (Generalist human service workers) Have received some formal training in human relation skills but work as part of
a team rather than as individuals. Often work as mental health technicians, child
care workers, probation personnel, and youth counsellors.
Professional Helpers Persons educated to provide assistance on both a preventative and remedial
level. This group includes counsellors, psychologists, psychiatrists, social
workers, psychiatric nurses, and marriage and family therapists. Specialized
advanced degrees at this level.
Psychiatrists Earn a medical degree (MD), compete residency in psychiatry. Specialists in
working with people who have major psychological disorders. (Generally take
on almost excuse biopsychological approach.
Psychologists Regulated within the province or territory where they practice.
