Psych Chapter 8: Thinking, language and
intelligence UPDATED ACTUAL Questions
and CORRECT Answers
Cognition - CORRECT ANSWER The mental activity that includes thinking and the
understandings that result from thinking
Cognitive psychology was originally based of two types of thinking: 1. knowledge about the world is
stored in the brain as representations and
2. thinking is the mental manipulation of these representations
we use representations to understand objects we in counter in our enviroment
Thinking Involves two types of mental representations - CORRECT ANSWER analogical and
symbolic
analogical - CORRECT ANSWER mental representations that have some of the physical
characteristics of objects analogous to the objects
i.e clock corresponds to the passage of time, family trees depict relationships between relatives
symbolic - CORRECT ANSWER abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the
physical features of objects or ideas
words, numbers, or ideas--> what a violin looks like has no correspondence to how it sounds when
spoken
,Concepts are symbolic representations - CORRECT ANSWER If you are shown a drawing of a
small yellow dimpled object, your brain forms the mental image (analogical representation) or a lemon
and provides you with the word lemon (symbolic representation)
This information however is incomplete, it does not tell you what to do with a lemon
Psychologists question how we use knowledge about objects efficiently
Categorization - CORRECT ANSWER grouping things based on shared properties
reduces the amount of knowledge we must hold in memory and an efficient way of thinking
i.e applying term musical instrument to all objects that produce music when played
concept - CORRECT ANSWER a category or class of related items; it consists of mental
representations of those items
consists of mental representations of items (i.e fruits or musical instruments )
by organizing mental representations around a common theme, a concept ensure that we do not have to
store every instance of an object individually, we can just store an abstract representation based on
properties of particular items
Two leading models regarding how people for concepts - CORRECT ANSWER Prototype and
Examplar
Proptotype - CORRECT ANSWER Eleanor Rosch, a way of thinking about concepts: within each
category there is a best example. a prototype for that category
essentially average all the members of a particular category to arrive at the prototype, and once you have
it, you categorize new objects based on how similar they are to the prototype
, Exemplar - CORRECT ANSWER a way of thinking about concepts" all members of a category are
examples; together they form the concept and determine category membership
proposes that any concept has no single best representation
when you think of a dog, your representation of dogs is made up of all the dogs you have seen in your
life. If you see a dog you compare it to all the dogs you have scene
Schemas Organize Useful Information about environments - CORRECT ANSWER Use schemas
for two reasons: first is common situations have specific rules (i.e library= quite )
Second: people have specific roles within situational contexts (i.e librarian behaves differently in a library
than a reader does)
Donwside - CORRECT ANSWER schemas are like prototypes in that they sometimes have
unintended consequences, such as reinforcing sexist or racist beliefs or other stereotypes
Stereotypes - CORRECT ANSWER cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of
information about people based on their membership in certain groups
When children draw scientist they draw male
gender roles represent a type of schema that operates at the unconscious level
orchestra men supposedly play better than women--> north america then did blind auditions and number
of women then increased drastically
Script - CORRECT ANSWER schema that directs behavior over time within a situation (i.e going
to movies, going on a date)
intelligence UPDATED ACTUAL Questions
and CORRECT Answers
Cognition - CORRECT ANSWER The mental activity that includes thinking and the
understandings that result from thinking
Cognitive psychology was originally based of two types of thinking: 1. knowledge about the world is
stored in the brain as representations and
2. thinking is the mental manipulation of these representations
we use representations to understand objects we in counter in our enviroment
Thinking Involves two types of mental representations - CORRECT ANSWER analogical and
symbolic
analogical - CORRECT ANSWER mental representations that have some of the physical
characteristics of objects analogous to the objects
i.e clock corresponds to the passage of time, family trees depict relationships between relatives
symbolic - CORRECT ANSWER abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the
physical features of objects or ideas
words, numbers, or ideas--> what a violin looks like has no correspondence to how it sounds when
spoken
,Concepts are symbolic representations - CORRECT ANSWER If you are shown a drawing of a
small yellow dimpled object, your brain forms the mental image (analogical representation) or a lemon
and provides you with the word lemon (symbolic representation)
This information however is incomplete, it does not tell you what to do with a lemon
Psychologists question how we use knowledge about objects efficiently
Categorization - CORRECT ANSWER grouping things based on shared properties
reduces the amount of knowledge we must hold in memory and an efficient way of thinking
i.e applying term musical instrument to all objects that produce music when played
concept - CORRECT ANSWER a category or class of related items; it consists of mental
representations of those items
consists of mental representations of items (i.e fruits or musical instruments )
by organizing mental representations around a common theme, a concept ensure that we do not have to
store every instance of an object individually, we can just store an abstract representation based on
properties of particular items
Two leading models regarding how people for concepts - CORRECT ANSWER Prototype and
Examplar
Proptotype - CORRECT ANSWER Eleanor Rosch, a way of thinking about concepts: within each
category there is a best example. a prototype for that category
essentially average all the members of a particular category to arrive at the prototype, and once you have
it, you categorize new objects based on how similar they are to the prototype
, Exemplar - CORRECT ANSWER a way of thinking about concepts" all members of a category are
examples; together they form the concept and determine category membership
proposes that any concept has no single best representation
when you think of a dog, your representation of dogs is made up of all the dogs you have seen in your
life. If you see a dog you compare it to all the dogs you have scene
Schemas Organize Useful Information about environments - CORRECT ANSWER Use schemas
for two reasons: first is common situations have specific rules (i.e library= quite )
Second: people have specific roles within situational contexts (i.e librarian behaves differently in a library
than a reader does)
Donwside - CORRECT ANSWER schemas are like prototypes in that they sometimes have
unintended consequences, such as reinforcing sexist or racist beliefs or other stereotypes
Stereotypes - CORRECT ANSWER cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of
information about people based on their membership in certain groups
When children draw scientist they draw male
gender roles represent a type of schema that operates at the unconscious level
orchestra men supposedly play better than women--> north america then did blind auditions and number
of women then increased drastically
Script - CORRECT ANSWER schema that directs behavior over time within a situation (i.e going
to movies, going on a date)
