Psych 355: Cognitive Psychology Exam 1 UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Where in the Brain (spatial resolution): Two -PET: Positron Emission Tomography
Technologies -fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
fMRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging:
-measurement of blood flow to different parts of brain (blood flow increases in
areas occupied by a cognitive task)
- blood carries iron which is magnetic
-molecules involved in tasks lose some of their oxygen (become more
magnetic) and thus respond more to the magnetic field
-activity recorded in voxels--small cube-shaped areas of the brain
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging (80's)
-good for revealing brain structures, but not neural activity
Limits of PET/fMRI • Does not really track neural activity
-Only changes in blood flow
• Very poor temporal resolution (precision of a measurement over time)
-A "picture" of the brain every ~2 secs
• It is only correlational-No causal inference
When in the brain (temporal resolution): Two -EEG: Electro-Encephalography
technologies -MEG: Magneto-Encephalography
Limits of EEG/MEG • Poor spatial resolution-Even with MEG, we only get surface activity (not 3D)
• Signal are very weak (micro-Volt, femto-Tesla)-Careful noise-removal
procedures are needed
• Still, no causal inference
Neuroimaging Methods Where:
-PET
-fMRI
When:
-EEG
-MEG
Limits of Patient Studies • No two lesions are exactly the same
• Long-term consequences affect behavior
-Recovery
-Rehabilitation
-Neuroplasticity
• Psychological factors(e.g., depression) compromise behavior
Why in the Brain: TMS • A way to create reversible, "virtual" lesions
-Creates "virtual patients" in the lab
-Safe if done properly
, Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Method that employs magnetism to stimulate small regions of the brain.
During a TMS procedure, a magnetic field generator, or "coil", is placed near
the head of the person receiving the treatment.
The coil produces small electric currents in the region of the brain just under
the coil via electromagnetic induction.
The coil is connected to a pulse generator, or stimulator, that delivers electric
current to the coil.
Limits of TMS • Locality assumption (no network effects)
• Stimulation is restricted to the cortex
• Binary manipulation (working/non-working)
Why in the brain= causal inference
Three ways cognitive psychologists find out what's -Experiments
happening in the brain -Theories
-Models
Methods used by researchers in cognitive psych • Computational models of mental (and brain) processes
• Brain-computer and brain-brain interfaces
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Where in the Brain (spatial resolution): Two -PET: Positron Emission Tomography
Technologies -fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
fMRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging:
-measurement of blood flow to different parts of brain (blood flow increases in
areas occupied by a cognitive task)
- blood carries iron which is magnetic
-molecules involved in tasks lose some of their oxygen (become more
magnetic) and thus respond more to the magnetic field
-activity recorded in voxels--small cube-shaped areas of the brain
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging (80's)
-good for revealing brain structures, but not neural activity
Limits of PET/fMRI • Does not really track neural activity
-Only changes in blood flow
• Very poor temporal resolution (precision of a measurement over time)
-A "picture" of the brain every ~2 secs
• It is only correlational-No causal inference
When in the brain (temporal resolution): Two -EEG: Electro-Encephalography
technologies -MEG: Magneto-Encephalography
Limits of EEG/MEG • Poor spatial resolution-Even with MEG, we only get surface activity (not 3D)
• Signal are very weak (micro-Volt, femto-Tesla)-Careful noise-removal
procedures are needed
• Still, no causal inference
Neuroimaging Methods Where:
-PET
-fMRI
When:
-EEG
-MEG
Limits of Patient Studies • No two lesions are exactly the same
• Long-term consequences affect behavior
-Recovery
-Rehabilitation
-Neuroplasticity
• Psychological factors(e.g., depression) compromise behavior
Why in the Brain: TMS • A way to create reversible, "virtual" lesions
-Creates "virtual patients" in the lab
-Safe if done properly
, Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Method that employs magnetism to stimulate small regions of the brain.
During a TMS procedure, a magnetic field generator, or "coil", is placed near
the head of the person receiving the treatment.
The coil produces small electric currents in the region of the brain just under
the coil via electromagnetic induction.
The coil is connected to a pulse generator, or stimulator, that delivers electric
current to the coil.
Limits of TMS • Locality assumption (no network effects)
• Stimulation is restricted to the cortex
• Binary manipulation (working/non-working)
Why in the brain= causal inference
Three ways cognitive psychologists find out what's -Experiments
happening in the brain -Theories
-Models
Methods used by researchers in cognitive psych • Computational models of mental (and brain) processes
• Brain-computer and brain-brain interfaces
