psych 355 USC exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
attitudes - CORRECT ANSWER postive/negative reactions to people, things and ideas
four reactions to attitude objects - CORRECT ANSWER positive attitude, dual attitudes
(ambivalence), indifference, negative attitude
attitude scales - CORRECT ANSWER self report scales; Better describes someones true attitude
toward something because it provides a range (not just like/dislike)
Likert Scale (Rensis Likert) - CORRECT ANSWER The most widely used tactic for determining
attitudes; a numerical scale used to assess attitudes; includes a set of possible answers with labeled
anchors on each extreme (extremely dislike, dislike, neutral, like, extremely like)
Bogus pipeline - CORRECT ANSWER use something like a lie detector test (or at least say you
are) so tat subjects self report honestly
covert measures - CORRECT ANSWER measures that are not directly under a person's control:
observe reactions, behavior, facial expressions, etc.
monitoring bodily functions - CORRECT ANSWER pupil dilation, sweat, etc. show how intense of
an attitude we have toward something but not if its positive or negative
facial electromyograph - CORRECT ANSWER an electronic instrument that records facial muscle
activity associated with emotions and attitudes
recorded facial EMG - CORRECT ANSWER how did Cacioppo and Petty find that non-visible
muscle contractions in the cheeks happened when someone agreed with a statement and contractions in
the brow occurred when someone disagreed?
,inconsistency - CORRECT ANSWER Cacioppo found that brain waves were a result of
_____________: increased more when something someone disliked popped up after a string of things
they did like and vice versa
Implicit Association Test (IAT) - CORRECT ANSWER A computer-driven assessment of implicit
attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people's automatic associations between attitude objects
and evaluative words. Easier pairings (and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious
associations.
implicit attitudes - CORRECT ANSWER Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at
times unconscious (we don't know we feel that way)
true - CORRECT ANSWER there is correlational data that suggests that attitudes are inherited. true
or false?
personal experience - CORRECT ANSWER our most cherished attitudes typically result from
___________________
Ivan Pavlov - CORRECT ANSWER discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at
the ringing of a bell (neutral stimulus creates attitude because of experience)
evaluative conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER the process by which we form an attitude toward a
neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing
Richard LaPiere - CORRECT ANSWER conducted a study in the 30s when racial tensions against
asian Americans were high. He took an Asian couple to over 250 restaurants, campgrounds, etc. and they
were given service everywhere except one place. He then wrote to all of those businesses asking if they
serve Asian Americans and 90% said they didn't. This proved attitudes don't always influence behavior
(study was flawed)
Ajzen's theory of planned behavior - CORRECT ANSWER 1) behavior is influenced less by
general attitudes than by attitudes toward a specific behavior 2) behavior is influenced not only by
attitudes but by subjective norms- our beliefs about what others think we should do 3) attitudes give rise
to behavior only when we perceive the behavior to be within our control 4) although attitudes contribute
, to an intention to behave in a particular manner, people often do not or cannot follow through on their
intentions
Theories of Reasoned Action - CORRECT ANSWER specific attitudes + social pressure = behavior
factors that determine strength of attitudes - CORRECT ANSWER (1) directly affected their own
self-interests; (2) related to deeply held philosophical, political, and religious values; and (3) were of
concern to their close friends, family, and social ingroups.
contextual factors - CORRECT ANSWER have observed that whereas Western views of attitudes
are often person-centric, in other parts of the world attitudes depend more on____________ such as social
norms, others' expectations, roles, and obligations.
persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER changing someones attitude
Two routes to persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER central route and peripheral route
central route to persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER influenced by the strength and quality of the
arguments
peripheral route persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when people are influenced by
incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
Elaboration - CORRECT ANSWER When confronted with personally significant messages, we
don't listen merely to collect information; we think about that information. When this happens, the
message is effective to the extent that it leads us to focus on favorable rather than unfavorable thoughts.
self-validation hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER people not only "elaborate" on a persuasive
communication with positive or negative attitude-relevant thoughts; they also seek to assess the validity
of these thoughts.
Questions and CORRECT Answers
attitudes - CORRECT ANSWER postive/negative reactions to people, things and ideas
four reactions to attitude objects - CORRECT ANSWER positive attitude, dual attitudes
(ambivalence), indifference, negative attitude
attitude scales - CORRECT ANSWER self report scales; Better describes someones true attitude
toward something because it provides a range (not just like/dislike)
Likert Scale (Rensis Likert) - CORRECT ANSWER The most widely used tactic for determining
attitudes; a numerical scale used to assess attitudes; includes a set of possible answers with labeled
anchors on each extreme (extremely dislike, dislike, neutral, like, extremely like)
Bogus pipeline - CORRECT ANSWER use something like a lie detector test (or at least say you
are) so tat subjects self report honestly
covert measures - CORRECT ANSWER measures that are not directly under a person's control:
observe reactions, behavior, facial expressions, etc.
monitoring bodily functions - CORRECT ANSWER pupil dilation, sweat, etc. show how intense of
an attitude we have toward something but not if its positive or negative
facial electromyograph - CORRECT ANSWER an electronic instrument that records facial muscle
activity associated with emotions and attitudes
recorded facial EMG - CORRECT ANSWER how did Cacioppo and Petty find that non-visible
muscle contractions in the cheeks happened when someone agreed with a statement and contractions in
the brow occurred when someone disagreed?
,inconsistency - CORRECT ANSWER Cacioppo found that brain waves were a result of
_____________: increased more when something someone disliked popped up after a string of things
they did like and vice versa
Implicit Association Test (IAT) - CORRECT ANSWER A computer-driven assessment of implicit
attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people's automatic associations between attitude objects
and evaluative words. Easier pairings (and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious
associations.
implicit attitudes - CORRECT ANSWER Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at
times unconscious (we don't know we feel that way)
true - CORRECT ANSWER there is correlational data that suggests that attitudes are inherited. true
or false?
personal experience - CORRECT ANSWER our most cherished attitudes typically result from
___________________
Ivan Pavlov - CORRECT ANSWER discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at
the ringing of a bell (neutral stimulus creates attitude because of experience)
evaluative conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER the process by which we form an attitude toward a
neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing
Richard LaPiere - CORRECT ANSWER conducted a study in the 30s when racial tensions against
asian Americans were high. He took an Asian couple to over 250 restaurants, campgrounds, etc. and they
were given service everywhere except one place. He then wrote to all of those businesses asking if they
serve Asian Americans and 90% said they didn't. This proved attitudes don't always influence behavior
(study was flawed)
Ajzen's theory of planned behavior - CORRECT ANSWER 1) behavior is influenced less by
general attitudes than by attitudes toward a specific behavior 2) behavior is influenced not only by
attitudes but by subjective norms- our beliefs about what others think we should do 3) attitudes give rise
to behavior only when we perceive the behavior to be within our control 4) although attitudes contribute
, to an intention to behave in a particular manner, people often do not or cannot follow through on their
intentions
Theories of Reasoned Action - CORRECT ANSWER specific attitudes + social pressure = behavior
factors that determine strength of attitudes - CORRECT ANSWER (1) directly affected their own
self-interests; (2) related to deeply held philosophical, political, and religious values; and (3) were of
concern to their close friends, family, and social ingroups.
contextual factors - CORRECT ANSWER have observed that whereas Western views of attitudes
are often person-centric, in other parts of the world attitudes depend more on____________ such as social
norms, others' expectations, roles, and obligations.
persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER changing someones attitude
Two routes to persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER central route and peripheral route
central route to persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER influenced by the strength and quality of the
arguments
peripheral route persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when people are influenced by
incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
Elaboration - CORRECT ANSWER When confronted with personally significant messages, we
don't listen merely to collect information; we think about that information. When this happens, the
message is effective to the extent that it leads us to focus on favorable rather than unfavorable thoughts.
self-validation hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER people not only "elaborate" on a persuasive
communication with positive or negative attitude-relevant thoughts; they also seek to assess the validity
of these thoughts.
