PSYCH 290 Final UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Personality - CORRECT ANSWER -Consistencies in people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
over time
Goals of personality psychology (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Address the psychological triad of
thought, feeling, and behavior
Try to explain the functioning of whole individuals
Trait approach - CORRECT ANSWER -How are people different from each other?
Biological approach - CORRECT ANSWER -How do brain anatomy, physiology, evolutionary
history, and genetics affect personality?
Psychoanalytic approach - CORRECT ANSWER -What's going on in the unconscious part of the
mind?
Phenomenological approach - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the nature of human experience?
Learning and cognitive approaches - CORRECT ANSWER -What are the psychological processes
that underlie personality?
Construct - CORRECT ANSWER -An idea about a psychological attribute that cannot be directly
perceived, but is presumed to influence things that are visible, and cannot be directly measured
Psychopathy - CORRECT ANSWER -Cluster of traits marked by impulsivity, antisocial behavior,
egocentrism, and deficit in social emotions (e.g., empathy)
,Delay of gratification - CORRECT ANSWER -The ability to resist the temptation of an immediate
reward in favor of a more valuable reward in the future
Psychological triad - CORRECT ANSWER -The three essential topics of psychology:
1) How people think
2) How they feel
3) How they behave
S-data - CORRECT ANSWER -Self-report
Information provided directly by participants, typically through a questionnaire or interview
Strengths of S-data (3) - CORRECT ANSWER -Relatively cheap, easy
We can be our own best experts
Compare across populations
Limitations of S-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Only one data point
Biased if people can't or won't report
I-data - CORRECT ANSWER -Informant-report
Information provided by others (e.g, friends, families, partners, teachers)
Strengths of I-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Sometimes others are the best experts
Can get multiple reports per person
Limitations of I-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Observers have limited access
Informants can be biased too
L-data - CORRECT ANSWER -Life outcomes
,Data found in publicly available information (e.g., court records, social media)
Strengths of L-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -"Real-world outcomes"
Objective in some ways
Limitations of L-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Can be costly, labor-intensive
Data not contextualized
B-data - CORRECT ANSWER -Behavioral observations
Information comes indirectly from the participant (e.g., through experimental tasks, physio measures)
Strengths of B-data (3) - CORRECT ANSWER -Control over context
Can elicit behavior
Standardization
Limitations of B-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -More costly, labor-intensive
Potential for bias (e.g., demand characteristics)
Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER -The extent to which a measure yields consistent measurements
across situations
Types of reliability (3) - CORRECT ANSWER -Test-retest reliability
Internal consistency
Inter-rater reliability
Test-retest reliability - CORRECT ANSWER -Scores should be consistent over time
Internal consistency - CORRECT ANSWER -Individual scale items should be associated
, Inter-rater reliability - CORRECT ANSWER -Multiple raters (observers) should agree
Validity - CORRECT ANSWER -The extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to assess
Types of validity (5) - CORRECT ANSWER -Face validity
Predictive/criterion validity
Convergent validity
Discriminant validity
Construct validity
Face validity - CORRECT ANSWER -Does the measure appear to measure what it claims?
Predictive/criterion validity - CORRECT ANSWER -Does it predict what it claims to measure?
Convergent validity - CORRECT ANSWER -Is it related to other measures of the same construct?
Discriminant validity - CORRECT ANSWER -Is it (un)related to measures that it should NOT be?
Construct validity - CORRECT ANSWER -The strategy of establishing the validity of a measure
by comparing it with a wide range of other measures
A combination of all validity types
WEIRD sample - CORRECT ANSWER -Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Personality - CORRECT ANSWER -Consistencies in people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
over time
Goals of personality psychology (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Address the psychological triad of
thought, feeling, and behavior
Try to explain the functioning of whole individuals
Trait approach - CORRECT ANSWER -How are people different from each other?
Biological approach - CORRECT ANSWER -How do brain anatomy, physiology, evolutionary
history, and genetics affect personality?
Psychoanalytic approach - CORRECT ANSWER -What's going on in the unconscious part of the
mind?
Phenomenological approach - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the nature of human experience?
Learning and cognitive approaches - CORRECT ANSWER -What are the psychological processes
that underlie personality?
Construct - CORRECT ANSWER -An idea about a psychological attribute that cannot be directly
perceived, but is presumed to influence things that are visible, and cannot be directly measured
Psychopathy - CORRECT ANSWER -Cluster of traits marked by impulsivity, antisocial behavior,
egocentrism, and deficit in social emotions (e.g., empathy)
,Delay of gratification - CORRECT ANSWER -The ability to resist the temptation of an immediate
reward in favor of a more valuable reward in the future
Psychological triad - CORRECT ANSWER -The three essential topics of psychology:
1) How people think
2) How they feel
3) How they behave
S-data - CORRECT ANSWER -Self-report
Information provided directly by participants, typically through a questionnaire or interview
Strengths of S-data (3) - CORRECT ANSWER -Relatively cheap, easy
We can be our own best experts
Compare across populations
Limitations of S-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Only one data point
Biased if people can't or won't report
I-data - CORRECT ANSWER -Informant-report
Information provided by others (e.g, friends, families, partners, teachers)
Strengths of I-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Sometimes others are the best experts
Can get multiple reports per person
Limitations of I-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Observers have limited access
Informants can be biased too
L-data - CORRECT ANSWER -Life outcomes
,Data found in publicly available information (e.g., court records, social media)
Strengths of L-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -"Real-world outcomes"
Objective in some ways
Limitations of L-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Can be costly, labor-intensive
Data not contextualized
B-data - CORRECT ANSWER -Behavioral observations
Information comes indirectly from the participant (e.g., through experimental tasks, physio measures)
Strengths of B-data (3) - CORRECT ANSWER -Control over context
Can elicit behavior
Standardization
Limitations of B-data (2) - CORRECT ANSWER -More costly, labor-intensive
Potential for bias (e.g., demand characteristics)
Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER -The extent to which a measure yields consistent measurements
across situations
Types of reliability (3) - CORRECT ANSWER -Test-retest reliability
Internal consistency
Inter-rater reliability
Test-retest reliability - CORRECT ANSWER -Scores should be consistent over time
Internal consistency - CORRECT ANSWER -Individual scale items should be associated
, Inter-rater reliability - CORRECT ANSWER -Multiple raters (observers) should agree
Validity - CORRECT ANSWER -The extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to assess
Types of validity (5) - CORRECT ANSWER -Face validity
Predictive/criterion validity
Convergent validity
Discriminant validity
Construct validity
Face validity - CORRECT ANSWER -Does the measure appear to measure what it claims?
Predictive/criterion validity - CORRECT ANSWER -Does it predict what it claims to measure?
Convergent validity - CORRECT ANSWER -Is it related to other measures of the same construct?
Discriminant validity - CORRECT ANSWER -Is it (un)related to measures that it should NOT be?
Construct validity - CORRECT ANSWER -The strategy of establishing the validity of a measure
by comparing it with a wide range of other measures
A combination of all validity types
WEIRD sample - CORRECT ANSWER -Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic
