Psych 289 Chapter 8 UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Define cognition. Why was the Cognition- mental process in acquiring
study of cognition discouraged knowledge
during the first half of the twentieth It was discouraged because psychology was
century? (p. 349) studied the mind and focus was on introspection
but as the focus was on the observable, you
could not observe a thought, which led to the
demise of the study on cognition
Define language. Identify and Language- symbols that convey meaning and
describe the four critical properties rules for combining those symbols to generate
of language. (p. 350) an infinite variety of messages
1. Symbolic- the use of words and sounds to
represent objects, actions, events, and ideas
2. Semantic- meaningful, symbols used in
language are arbitrary in that no built-in
relationship exists between the look/sound of
words and they objects they stand for
3. Generative- limited number of symbols
combined in an infinite variety of ways to
generate an endless array of messages
4. Structured- sentences must be structured in a
limited numbers of ways and rules govern those
words into phrases
,Define phoneme. How many Phoneme- smallest speech units in a language
phonemes are used in the English that can be distinguished perceptually
language? (pp. 350-351)
English language- 40 phoneme that correspond
to 26 letters in the alphabet
a letter in the alphabet can represent more than
one phoneme if it has more than one
pronunciation: the letter A in father, had, call, and
take
some phonemes are a combination of letters: ch,
th
Be able to define and distinguish Connotation- includes the words emotional
between the connotation and the overtones and secondary implications
denotation of a word.
Denotation-dictionary definition
Do all human languages use the No- different languages use different groups of
same phonemes? about 20-80 phonemes
How many phonemes can humans 100 in the english language
recognize? 20-80 in other languages
Define morpheme, and be able to 1. smallest units of meaning in a language
recognize examples. 2. 50 000 in english
3. includes prefixes, suffixes
4. words like fire, guard, friend are a single
morpheme
5. words like unfriendly consists of three
morphemes
Define semantics. Meaning of words and sentences
Define syntax. Be able to provide Syntax- system of rules that specify how a word
and recognize examples. (p. 351) can be arranged into sentences
, Outline the development of human 1-5 months- reflective communication:
language during the period in vocalization of coos, laughs, cries, vocal play,
which infants make sounds but not discriminates language from non-language
words. At what age does babbling sounds
begin? At what age are a child's first
words typically produced? 6-18- Babbling, verbalizes in response to the
speech of others, responses increasingly
approximate human speech patterns
Werker-human infants are prepared to learn
language and babies have a perceptual bias to
facilitate and guide the acquisition of phonology
and that there are optimal periods for language
systems
babbling stage 1.beginning at about 4 months, the stage of
speech development in which the infant
spontaneously utters various sounds at first
unrelated to the household language
2. byproduct of the development of the brain and
its control over motor movements
3. a key linguistic achievement- affords the infant
the opportunity to discover and produce
patterned structure of natural language
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Define cognition. Why was the Cognition- mental process in acquiring
study of cognition discouraged knowledge
during the first half of the twentieth It was discouraged because psychology was
century? (p. 349) studied the mind and focus was on introspection
but as the focus was on the observable, you
could not observe a thought, which led to the
demise of the study on cognition
Define language. Identify and Language- symbols that convey meaning and
describe the four critical properties rules for combining those symbols to generate
of language. (p. 350) an infinite variety of messages
1. Symbolic- the use of words and sounds to
represent objects, actions, events, and ideas
2. Semantic- meaningful, symbols used in
language are arbitrary in that no built-in
relationship exists between the look/sound of
words and they objects they stand for
3. Generative- limited number of symbols
combined in an infinite variety of ways to
generate an endless array of messages
4. Structured- sentences must be structured in a
limited numbers of ways and rules govern those
words into phrases
,Define phoneme. How many Phoneme- smallest speech units in a language
phonemes are used in the English that can be distinguished perceptually
language? (pp. 350-351)
English language- 40 phoneme that correspond
to 26 letters in the alphabet
a letter in the alphabet can represent more than
one phoneme if it has more than one
pronunciation: the letter A in father, had, call, and
take
some phonemes are a combination of letters: ch,
th
Be able to define and distinguish Connotation- includes the words emotional
between the connotation and the overtones and secondary implications
denotation of a word.
Denotation-dictionary definition
Do all human languages use the No- different languages use different groups of
same phonemes? about 20-80 phonemes
How many phonemes can humans 100 in the english language
recognize? 20-80 in other languages
Define morpheme, and be able to 1. smallest units of meaning in a language
recognize examples. 2. 50 000 in english
3. includes prefixes, suffixes
4. words like fire, guard, friend are a single
morpheme
5. words like unfriendly consists of three
morphemes
Define semantics. Meaning of words and sentences
Define syntax. Be able to provide Syntax- system of rules that specify how a word
and recognize examples. (p. 351) can be arranged into sentences
, Outline the development of human 1-5 months- reflective communication:
language during the period in vocalization of coos, laughs, cries, vocal play,
which infants make sounds but not discriminates language from non-language
words. At what age does babbling sounds
begin? At what age are a child's first
words typically produced? 6-18- Babbling, verbalizes in response to the
speech of others, responses increasingly
approximate human speech patterns
Werker-human infants are prepared to learn
language and babies have a perceptual bias to
facilitate and guide the acquisition of phonology
and that there are optimal periods for language
systems
babbling stage 1.beginning at about 4 months, the stage of
speech development in which the infant
spontaneously utters various sounds at first
unrelated to the household language
2. byproduct of the development of the brain and
its control over motor movements
3. a key linguistic achievement- affords the infant
the opportunity to discover and produce
patterned structure of natural language
