Social Psychology Final Exam Review Guide UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
prejudice preconceived negative attitude of a group and its members
stereotype generalized belief about a group of people
discrimination negative behavior towards a group and its members
implicit biases unconscious biases that affect decision making and behavior
these biases may differ from what the person believes their biases to be
explicit biases conscious and intentional prejudice towards others
IAT detects implicit biases
better prediction of average outcomes in comparison to individual acts
how is racial prejudice doing? better than the previous century, but still present
whites tend to believe it is much better in comparison
blacks tend to believe it is not as great (matter of perspective)
patronization withholding criticism/potentially negative behavior to avoid being seen as
racist
norms vs stereotypes norms are prescriptive, or unwritten rules to follow
stereotypes are descriptive, or expectations for groups
benevolent sexism stereotypes/prejudice that appear to be positive, yet reinforce women's
subordinate status
hostile sexism negative prejudice towards women, especially those who defy stereotypical
behavior
unequal status breeds prejudice idea that higher status people tend to look down on those below them
social dominance orientation those high in this prefer hierarchies, to be on top, and promote prejudice
authoritarian personality a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance
of outgroups and those lower in status
systemic support systems that might promote prejudice and stereotypes through policies,
segregation, or reinforcing the status quo
scapegoat theory frustration -> aggression
displaced aggression when the source of frustration is intimidating/unknown
realistic group conflict theory prejudice arises when groups compete for limited resources
e.g opposition to immigration fluctuating with unemployment rate
, relative deprivation the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares
oneself
social identity theory we categorize, identify (ingroup), and compare (outgroup)
idea that a sense of self comes from the groups we identify with
ingroup bias tendency to favor one's own group
group success -> stronger identification
smaller group -> stronger alignment with the group
dehumanization denying human attributes to outgroup members
how does insecurity affect prejudice? putting someone else down feeds an ego
lower-status + more insecurity -> more prejudice
outgroup homogeneity effect perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than ingroup
members
less diversity in outgroups and more similarity, e.g own race bias
distinctiveness misreading behavior from others as reactions to our diversity
group serving bias dismissing positive behavior from outgroup members and focusing on
attributing negative behavior to their personality
just-world phenomenon tendency for people to believe the world is just + people get what they
deserve and deserve what they get
subtyping vs subgrouping subtyping is thinking of individuals who deviate from the standard as
exceptions
subgrouping is thinking of individuals who deviate from the standard by
creating a new stereotype
stereotype threat self-confirming concern that one will be judged on a negative stereotype that
leads to a diminished performance
how does stereotype threat undermine performances? 1. stress, 2. self-monitoring, 3. suppressing unwanted thought and emotions
physical aggression aggression that involves harming others physically
social aggression hurting someone else's feelings or threatening their relationships
hostile aggression aggression that springs from anger
instrumental aggression aggression that aims to injure, but only as a means to some other end
Questions and CORRECT Answers
prejudice preconceived negative attitude of a group and its members
stereotype generalized belief about a group of people
discrimination negative behavior towards a group and its members
implicit biases unconscious biases that affect decision making and behavior
these biases may differ from what the person believes their biases to be
explicit biases conscious and intentional prejudice towards others
IAT detects implicit biases
better prediction of average outcomes in comparison to individual acts
how is racial prejudice doing? better than the previous century, but still present
whites tend to believe it is much better in comparison
blacks tend to believe it is not as great (matter of perspective)
patronization withholding criticism/potentially negative behavior to avoid being seen as
racist
norms vs stereotypes norms are prescriptive, or unwritten rules to follow
stereotypes are descriptive, or expectations for groups
benevolent sexism stereotypes/prejudice that appear to be positive, yet reinforce women's
subordinate status
hostile sexism negative prejudice towards women, especially those who defy stereotypical
behavior
unequal status breeds prejudice idea that higher status people tend to look down on those below them
social dominance orientation those high in this prefer hierarchies, to be on top, and promote prejudice
authoritarian personality a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance
of outgroups and those lower in status
systemic support systems that might promote prejudice and stereotypes through policies,
segregation, or reinforcing the status quo
scapegoat theory frustration -> aggression
displaced aggression when the source of frustration is intimidating/unknown
realistic group conflict theory prejudice arises when groups compete for limited resources
e.g opposition to immigration fluctuating with unemployment rate
, relative deprivation the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares
oneself
social identity theory we categorize, identify (ingroup), and compare (outgroup)
idea that a sense of self comes from the groups we identify with
ingroup bias tendency to favor one's own group
group success -> stronger identification
smaller group -> stronger alignment with the group
dehumanization denying human attributes to outgroup members
how does insecurity affect prejudice? putting someone else down feeds an ego
lower-status + more insecurity -> more prejudice
outgroup homogeneity effect perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than ingroup
members
less diversity in outgroups and more similarity, e.g own race bias
distinctiveness misreading behavior from others as reactions to our diversity
group serving bias dismissing positive behavior from outgroup members and focusing on
attributing negative behavior to their personality
just-world phenomenon tendency for people to believe the world is just + people get what they
deserve and deserve what they get
subtyping vs subgrouping subtyping is thinking of individuals who deviate from the standard as
exceptions
subgrouping is thinking of individuals who deviate from the standard by
creating a new stereotype
stereotype threat self-confirming concern that one will be judged on a negative stereotype that
leads to a diminished performance
how does stereotype threat undermine performances? 1. stress, 2. self-monitoring, 3. suppressing unwanted thought and emotions
physical aggression aggression that involves harming others physically
social aggression hurting someone else's feelings or threatening their relationships
hostile aggression aggression that springs from anger
instrumental aggression aggression that aims to injure, but only as a means to some other end
