Advanced Pharmacology 6521 Mid
Term Comprehensive Study Guide +
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Anti-diarrheals - Answer: Stops further occurrence of diarrhea.
Notable medicines are Loperamide "Immodium",
Diphenoxylate Hcl with Atropine "Lomotil", Bismuth
subsalicylate "Pepto bismul"
Pepto s/e: black stools and tongue
Laxatives - Answer: Used to ease or stimulate defecation
Soften the stool
Increase stool volume
Hasten fecal passage through the intestine
Facilitate evacuation from the rectum
*Misuse comes from misconceptions of what constitutes
normal bowel function
Fiber Laxatives - Answer: absorbs water, softening feces and
increasing their mass. Can be digested by colonic bacteria,
whose subsequent growth increases fecal mass. ex. Bran,
veggies and fruits.
Meds: mehylcellulose, psyllium, polycarbophil
Surfactant Laxatives - Answer: Meds: Docusate sodium (Colace)
,Docusate calcium (Surfak)
temporary treatment of constipation
* avoid if narrowing of intestines
Give with a full glass of water or juice
Stimulant Laxatives - Answer: bisacodyl: (tablets: give at night
to have BM in am , no crushing or chewing, no milk or
antacids;Suppositories: BM within 15-60 min, may cause
proctitis);
senna: BM 6-12 hours after. May cause pink or brown urine.
castor oil: acts on small intestine 2-6 hour BM. Limit to only
when prep for radiology procedures. Chill and mix in juice.
* easily abused,
Give with a full glass of water.
Osmotic Laxatives - Answer: Salts draw water into the intestine
causing fecal mass to soften and swell stimulating peristalsis.
Low dose 6-12 hours, high dose 2-6 hours.
magnesium hydroxide,
magnesium citrate,
polyethylene glycol,
lactulose (can be used to lower blood ammonia in liver disease)
, * Increase fluid intake. Not good for kidney disease. Sodium
phosphate exacerbates cardiac disease.
Miscellaneous Laxatives - Answer: Lubiprostone, mineral oil,
glycerin suppository, polyethylene glycol- electrolyte solution,
Sodium picosulfate / magnesium oxide/anhydrous citric acid
antiemetic - Answer: a medication that is administered to
prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
Ondesetron
Class: 5HT3 receptor antagonist - Answer: Zofran
Indication: Chemotherapy N/V, postoperative N/V, radiation
induced N/V
Oral or Parental
* Prolonges QT interval (leading to torsades de pointes)
Glucocorticoids used as antiemetic - Answer: Not approved by
FDA. Solumedrol and dexamethasone. Given IV.
Metoclopramide (Reglan) - Answer: controls post-op NV
suppresses emesis and increases upper GI mobility
Term Comprehensive Study Guide +
Exam Questions & Solutions Graded
A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
• Proctored Exam Assistance
• Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
• Exam Preparation & Study Materials
• Assignments and Coursework Support
• Essay and Research Paper Writing
• Discussion Posts & Responses
• Editing and Proofreading
• Confidential Academic Consultation
Contact Information
Email:
WhatsApp link: https://wa.me/254704846336
Fast Response | Confidential | Reliable Academic
Support
, Helping Students Achieve Academic Excellence
Anti-diarrheals - Answer: Stops further occurrence of diarrhea.
Notable medicines are Loperamide "Immodium",
Diphenoxylate Hcl with Atropine "Lomotil", Bismuth
subsalicylate "Pepto bismul"
Pepto s/e: black stools and tongue
Laxatives - Answer: Used to ease or stimulate defecation
Soften the stool
Increase stool volume
Hasten fecal passage through the intestine
Facilitate evacuation from the rectum
*Misuse comes from misconceptions of what constitutes
normal bowel function
Fiber Laxatives - Answer: absorbs water, softening feces and
increasing their mass. Can be digested by colonic bacteria,
whose subsequent growth increases fecal mass. ex. Bran,
veggies and fruits.
Meds: mehylcellulose, psyllium, polycarbophil
Surfactant Laxatives - Answer: Meds: Docusate sodium (Colace)
,Docusate calcium (Surfak)
temporary treatment of constipation
* avoid if narrowing of intestines
Give with a full glass of water or juice
Stimulant Laxatives - Answer: bisacodyl: (tablets: give at night
to have BM in am , no crushing or chewing, no milk or
antacids;Suppositories: BM within 15-60 min, may cause
proctitis);
senna: BM 6-12 hours after. May cause pink or brown urine.
castor oil: acts on small intestine 2-6 hour BM. Limit to only
when prep for radiology procedures. Chill and mix in juice.
* easily abused,
Give with a full glass of water.
Osmotic Laxatives - Answer: Salts draw water into the intestine
causing fecal mass to soften and swell stimulating peristalsis.
Low dose 6-12 hours, high dose 2-6 hours.
magnesium hydroxide,
magnesium citrate,
polyethylene glycol,
lactulose (can be used to lower blood ammonia in liver disease)
, * Increase fluid intake. Not good for kidney disease. Sodium
phosphate exacerbates cardiac disease.
Miscellaneous Laxatives - Answer: Lubiprostone, mineral oil,
glycerin suppository, polyethylene glycol- electrolyte solution,
Sodium picosulfate / magnesium oxide/anhydrous citric acid
antiemetic - Answer: a medication that is administered to
prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
Ondesetron
Class: 5HT3 receptor antagonist - Answer: Zofran
Indication: Chemotherapy N/V, postoperative N/V, radiation
induced N/V
Oral or Parental
* Prolonges QT interval (leading to torsades de pointes)
Glucocorticoids used as antiemetic - Answer: Not approved by
FDA. Solumedrol and dexamethasone. Given IV.
Metoclopramide (Reglan) - Answer: controls post-op NV
suppresses emesis and increases upper GI mobility
