ALU 201 CERTIFICATION EVALUATION
TEST 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
●● transesophageal echo is used to assess the following heart diseases.
Answer: endocarditis, aortic root disease, atrial septal defect
●● causes of death after heart valve surgery include:.
Answer: blood clots on the valve, ventricular arrhythmias, brain
embolism
●● grades of heart murmurs p2.
Answer: Graded on a One (1) to Six (6) scale. One being the least
concerning.
●● hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Answer: Mitral regurgitation associated with dilated cardiomyopathy is
due to annular dilatation, left ventricular dilations and dysfunction of
papillary muscles & is associated with high mortality rates.
●● Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.
,Answer: Is the basic measurement of left ventricular function and is an
important prognostic indicator in all types of heart disease.Normal EF
55-65%, severe ef <35%.
●● aortic stenosis.
Answer: is the narrowing of the aortic valve which causes left
ventricular outflow obstructions. Causes: congenital abnormal valve
with calcification, normal trileaflet valve w/degnerative changes,
rheumatic valve disease.
●● symptoms and diagnosis of aortic stenosis, pg 8.
Answer: Include: dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance, syncope,
dizziness, & angina. Usually do not develop until the AS is moderate to
severe.
●● aortic regurgitation.
Answer: Is the blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle during
diastole.This backwards blood flow is due to incomplete closure of
aortic valve. It is also called aortic insufficiency.
●● diagnosis of aortic regurgitation, p 12.
Answer: Symptoms include fatigue,dyspna, angina or palpitations and
are usually associated w/severe disease. Mild/Mod AR can remain stable
for years. Exercise capacity is not an indicator or AR severity.
,●● Mitral stenosis.
Answer: The majority of cased are due to scarring of the mitral valve
from rheumatic fever. Mitral stenosis is a progessive disease. Symptoms
include dyspnea w/exercise, Mod/severe can have symptoms @rest.
Complications: Atrial Fibrillation, Pulmonary edema, thromboembolism,
pulmonary hemorrhage.
●● mitral regurgitation.
Answer: Blood flow from left ventricle to left atrium during systole.
Backwards flow of blood is due to incomplete closure of the mitral
valve. Also called Mitral insufficiency. A trivial leak or whiff of MR can
occur across normal valves.
●● mitral valve prolapse.
Answer: When one or both mitral valve leaflets are too large or too long.
Resulting in uneven closure of the valve which bulge or prolapse into
the left atrium. MPV is also called the click-murmur syndrome,balloon
or floppy valve or barlow's syndrome.
●● Ross operation for Aortic valve disease p11.
Answer: An alternative to mechanical or bioprosthetic valve. The aortic
valve is replaced with the patient's own pulmonary valve
(autograft)which is then used to replace the pulmonary valve.
●● Tran-thoracic Echocardiogram.
, Answer: TTE the standard echo, uses transducer on chest to direct
ultrasound beams to heart. Hypertrophy in hypertensive heart disease is
best assessed by TTE & hypertropic cardiomyopathy.
●● Transesophageal Echo.
Answer: TEE, involves placement of US transducer on endoscope that is
passed down esophagus for a close look at heart structures w/o
interference by lung tissue. Used for barrel shaped chest, extremely
obese, ppl w/ emphysema, intra-cardiac factors such as atrial septal
defect or patent foramen ovale. aortic root disease.
●● heart murmurs.
Answer: common. As many as 80% of children develop a murmur
between one and four years of age and 99% of these are functional,
which means they are benign, innocent or normal murmurs. By age 20,
5-10% of persons have a persistent, but normal, childhood murmur.
However, a murmur can also suggest the possibility of valvular heart
disease
●● diagnosing murmur.
Answer: An experienced cardiologist can usually distinguish between a
benign and a pathological murmur. simplified since 1975 with
echocardiogram, and no longer necessary for great auscultatory skills
●● Where murmurs are heard, pg 11.
TEST 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
●● transesophageal echo is used to assess the following heart diseases.
Answer: endocarditis, aortic root disease, atrial septal defect
●● causes of death after heart valve surgery include:.
Answer: blood clots on the valve, ventricular arrhythmias, brain
embolism
●● grades of heart murmurs p2.
Answer: Graded on a One (1) to Six (6) scale. One being the least
concerning.
●● hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Answer: Mitral regurgitation associated with dilated cardiomyopathy is
due to annular dilatation, left ventricular dilations and dysfunction of
papillary muscles & is associated with high mortality rates.
●● Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.
,Answer: Is the basic measurement of left ventricular function and is an
important prognostic indicator in all types of heart disease.Normal EF
55-65%, severe ef <35%.
●● aortic stenosis.
Answer: is the narrowing of the aortic valve which causes left
ventricular outflow obstructions. Causes: congenital abnormal valve
with calcification, normal trileaflet valve w/degnerative changes,
rheumatic valve disease.
●● symptoms and diagnosis of aortic stenosis, pg 8.
Answer: Include: dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance, syncope,
dizziness, & angina. Usually do not develop until the AS is moderate to
severe.
●● aortic regurgitation.
Answer: Is the blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle during
diastole.This backwards blood flow is due to incomplete closure of
aortic valve. It is also called aortic insufficiency.
●● diagnosis of aortic regurgitation, p 12.
Answer: Symptoms include fatigue,dyspna, angina or palpitations and
are usually associated w/severe disease. Mild/Mod AR can remain stable
for years. Exercise capacity is not an indicator or AR severity.
,●● Mitral stenosis.
Answer: The majority of cased are due to scarring of the mitral valve
from rheumatic fever. Mitral stenosis is a progessive disease. Symptoms
include dyspnea w/exercise, Mod/severe can have symptoms @rest.
Complications: Atrial Fibrillation, Pulmonary edema, thromboembolism,
pulmonary hemorrhage.
●● mitral regurgitation.
Answer: Blood flow from left ventricle to left atrium during systole.
Backwards flow of blood is due to incomplete closure of the mitral
valve. Also called Mitral insufficiency. A trivial leak or whiff of MR can
occur across normal valves.
●● mitral valve prolapse.
Answer: When one or both mitral valve leaflets are too large or too long.
Resulting in uneven closure of the valve which bulge or prolapse into
the left atrium. MPV is also called the click-murmur syndrome,balloon
or floppy valve or barlow's syndrome.
●● Ross operation for Aortic valve disease p11.
Answer: An alternative to mechanical or bioprosthetic valve. The aortic
valve is replaced with the patient's own pulmonary valve
(autograft)which is then used to replace the pulmonary valve.
●● Tran-thoracic Echocardiogram.
, Answer: TTE the standard echo, uses transducer on chest to direct
ultrasound beams to heart. Hypertrophy in hypertensive heart disease is
best assessed by TTE & hypertropic cardiomyopathy.
●● Transesophageal Echo.
Answer: TEE, involves placement of US transducer on endoscope that is
passed down esophagus for a close look at heart structures w/o
interference by lung tissue. Used for barrel shaped chest, extremely
obese, ppl w/ emphysema, intra-cardiac factors such as atrial septal
defect or patent foramen ovale. aortic root disease.
●● heart murmurs.
Answer: common. As many as 80% of children develop a murmur
between one and four years of age and 99% of these are functional,
which means they are benign, innocent or normal murmurs. By age 20,
5-10% of persons have a persistent, but normal, childhood murmur.
However, a murmur can also suggest the possibility of valvular heart
disease
●● diagnosing murmur.
Answer: An experienced cardiologist can usually distinguish between a
benign and a pathological murmur. simplified since 1975 with
echocardiogram, and no longer necessary for great auscultatory skills
●● Where murmurs are heard, pg 11.
