Pathophysiology: All-In-One Exam
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Section 1: Cellular Injury, Adaptation & Death (Q1–10)
1. A patient with chronic alcoholism develops liver enlargement due to
increased protein synthesis in hepatocytes. This is an example of:
• A) Metaplasia
• B) Hyperplasia
• C) Hypertrophy
• D) Dysplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, not number. Hepatocytes
enlarge due to increased workload (alcohol metabolism). Hyperplasia would be
increased cell number, metaplasia is cell type change, dysplasia is disordered
growth.
2. Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
• A) Karyolysis
• B) Mitochondrial rupture
, • C) Cellular swelling
• D) Membrane blebbing with apoptosis
Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change) is the first sign of reversible injury
due to failure of Na+/K+ pump. Karyolysis and membrane rupture indicate
irreversible injury.
3. Which finding is most specific for apoptosis?
• A) Inflammation
• B) Caseous necrosis
• C) Formation of apoptotic bodies
• D) Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death without inflammation. Apoptotic
bodies are membrane-bound fragments phagocytosed by nearby cells.
4. Irreversible cell injury is best identified by:
• A) Increased ATP production
• B) Severe mitochondrial damage
• C) Ribosomal detachment
• D) Fatty change
Rationale: Mitochondrial damage leads to loss of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP
depletion, and cell death—hallmark of irreversible injury.
5. The type of necrosis seen in the brain after a stroke is:
• A) Coagulative
• B) Caseous
• C) Liquefactive
, • D) Fat necrosis
Rationale: Brain has little connective tissue; enzymatic digestion turns tissue into
liquid. Coagulative necrosis is typical in solid organs like kidney/heart.
6. A pathologist notes cheese-like necrosis with granulomas in a lung biopsy.
This is most likely:
• A) Coagulative → tuberculosis
• B) Liquefactive → bacterial abscess
• C) Caseous → tuberculosis
• D) Gangrenous → diabetes
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (soft, friable, “cheesy”) is characteristic of
tuberculosis and fungal infections, often with granulomatous inflammation.
7. Which cellular adaptation is potentially reversible and pre-malignant?
• A) Atrophy
• B) Hypertrophy
• C) Hyperplasia
• D) Dysplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia is disordered growth seen in chronic inflammation (e.g.,
cervical dysplasia); it may regress or progress to carcinoma in situ.
8. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is primarily mediated by:
• A) Increased antioxidants
• B) Reactive oxygen species
• C) Decreased calcium influx
• D) Alkalosis
Prep Bundle||Questions And Answers
With Rationales/Graded A+/2026
Update/100% Correct /Instant
Download
Notes + Q&A + Rationales
80+ Latest 2026 Topic Test for Students
Section 1: Cellular Injury, Adaptation & Death (Q1–10)
1. A patient with chronic alcoholism develops liver enlargement due to
increased protein synthesis in hepatocytes. This is an example of:
• A) Metaplasia
• B) Hyperplasia
• C) Hypertrophy
• D) Dysplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, not number. Hepatocytes
enlarge due to increased workload (alcohol metabolism). Hyperplasia would be
increased cell number, metaplasia is cell type change, dysplasia is disordered
growth.
2. Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
• A) Karyolysis
• B) Mitochondrial rupture
, • C) Cellular swelling
• D) Membrane blebbing with apoptosis
Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change) is the first sign of reversible injury
due to failure of Na+/K+ pump. Karyolysis and membrane rupture indicate
irreversible injury.
3. Which finding is most specific for apoptosis?
• A) Inflammation
• B) Caseous necrosis
• C) Formation of apoptotic bodies
• D) Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death without inflammation. Apoptotic
bodies are membrane-bound fragments phagocytosed by nearby cells.
4. Irreversible cell injury is best identified by:
• A) Increased ATP production
• B) Severe mitochondrial damage
• C) Ribosomal detachment
• D) Fatty change
Rationale: Mitochondrial damage leads to loss of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP
depletion, and cell death—hallmark of irreversible injury.
5. The type of necrosis seen in the brain after a stroke is:
• A) Coagulative
• B) Caseous
• C) Liquefactive
, • D) Fat necrosis
Rationale: Brain has little connective tissue; enzymatic digestion turns tissue into
liquid. Coagulative necrosis is typical in solid organs like kidney/heart.
6. A pathologist notes cheese-like necrosis with granulomas in a lung biopsy.
This is most likely:
• A) Coagulative → tuberculosis
• B) Liquefactive → bacterial abscess
• C) Caseous → tuberculosis
• D) Gangrenous → diabetes
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (soft, friable, “cheesy”) is characteristic of
tuberculosis and fungal infections, often with granulomatous inflammation.
7. Which cellular adaptation is potentially reversible and pre-malignant?
• A) Atrophy
• B) Hypertrophy
• C) Hyperplasia
• D) Dysplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia is disordered growth seen in chronic inflammation (e.g.,
cervical dysplasia); it may regress or progress to carcinoma in situ.
8. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is primarily mediated by:
• A) Increased antioxidants
• B) Reactive oxygen species
• C) Decreased calcium influx
• D) Alkalosis
