Pathophysiology Crash Review Exam:
Fast-Track Questions &
Answers||Questions And Answers
With Rationales/Graded A+/2026
Update/100% Correct /Instant
Download
Student Name: _________________________
Date: May 2026
Total Questions: 85
Time Limit: 90 minutes
Instructions: Select the best answer for each question. Correct answers
are highlighted in bold gold. A rationale follows each answer.
Part 1: Cellular Injury, Adaptation, & Death (Questions 1–12)
1. A hepatocyte changes from its normal shape to a flattened, elongated shape
due to chronic alcohol use. This is an example of:
• A. Hyperplasia
• B. Hypertrophy
• C. Metaplasia
• D. Dysplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another (e.g., columnar to squamous in respiratory tract or liver fibrosis
precursors).
2. Which cellular adaptation is most likely to occur in cardiac myocytes
responding to long-standing hypertension?
• A. Hyperplasia
, • B. Hypertrophy
• C. Atrophy
• D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated; they respond to increased
workload by enlarging (hypertrophy), not by dividing.
3. Irreversible cell injury is characterized by:
• A. ATP depletion and cellular swelling
• B. Mitochondrial membrane permeability and nuclear changes
• C. Ribosomal detachment
• D. Reversible blebbing
Rationale: Loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity → cytochrome c release →
apoptosis. Nuclear pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis are hallmarks of irreversible
injury.
4. Caseous necrosis is pathognomonic for which condition?
• A. Ischemic stroke
• B. Tuberculosis
• C. Acute pancreatitis
• D. Venous infarction
Rationale: Caseous necrosis presents as soft, friable, cheese-like material;
typically seen in TB granulomas.
5. A patient with a chronic kidney stone develops hydronephrosis and thinning
of the renal parenchyma. This is an example of:
• A. Atrophy
• B. Hyperplasia
• C. Dysplasia
• D. Anaplasia
, Rationale: Pressure atrophy causes cells to shrink due to reduced blood flow and
metabolic demand.
6. Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in breast or pancreatic tissue
following enzymatic destruction?
• A. Coagulative necrosis
• B. Fat necrosis
• C. Liquefactive necrosis
• D. Fibrinoid necrosis
Rationale: Lipase breaks triglycerides into fatty acids, which bind calcium
(saponification), seen in acute pancreatitis or breast trauma.
7. Reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction is primarily mediated by:
• A. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• B. Increased intracellular pH
• C. Downregulation of adhesion molecules
• D. Decreased calcium influx
Rationale: ROS generated upon reoxygenation damage membranes, cause
mitochondrial permeability transition, and trigger inflammation.
8. A pap smear shows cells with variable size, shape, and hyperchromatic
nuclei but no invasion of basement membrane. This is:
• A. Metaplasia
• B. Dysplasia
• C. Carcinoma in situ
• D. Anaplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia = disordered growth; if full thickness but no invasion →
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) / carcinoma in situ.
9. Liquefactive necrosis in the brain is caused by:
• A. Bacterial toxins
Fast-Track Questions &
Answers||Questions And Answers
With Rationales/Graded A+/2026
Update/100% Correct /Instant
Download
Student Name: _________________________
Date: May 2026
Total Questions: 85
Time Limit: 90 minutes
Instructions: Select the best answer for each question. Correct answers
are highlighted in bold gold. A rationale follows each answer.
Part 1: Cellular Injury, Adaptation, & Death (Questions 1–12)
1. A hepatocyte changes from its normal shape to a flattened, elongated shape
due to chronic alcohol use. This is an example of:
• A. Hyperplasia
• B. Hypertrophy
• C. Metaplasia
• D. Dysplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another (e.g., columnar to squamous in respiratory tract or liver fibrosis
precursors).
2. Which cellular adaptation is most likely to occur in cardiac myocytes
responding to long-standing hypertension?
• A. Hyperplasia
, • B. Hypertrophy
• C. Atrophy
• D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated; they respond to increased
workload by enlarging (hypertrophy), not by dividing.
3. Irreversible cell injury is characterized by:
• A. ATP depletion and cellular swelling
• B. Mitochondrial membrane permeability and nuclear changes
• C. Ribosomal detachment
• D. Reversible blebbing
Rationale: Loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity → cytochrome c release →
apoptosis. Nuclear pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis are hallmarks of irreversible
injury.
4. Caseous necrosis is pathognomonic for which condition?
• A. Ischemic stroke
• B. Tuberculosis
• C. Acute pancreatitis
• D. Venous infarction
Rationale: Caseous necrosis presents as soft, friable, cheese-like material;
typically seen in TB granulomas.
5. A patient with a chronic kidney stone develops hydronephrosis and thinning
of the renal parenchyma. This is an example of:
• A. Atrophy
• B. Hyperplasia
• C. Dysplasia
• D. Anaplasia
, Rationale: Pressure atrophy causes cells to shrink due to reduced blood flow and
metabolic demand.
6. Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in breast or pancreatic tissue
following enzymatic destruction?
• A. Coagulative necrosis
• B. Fat necrosis
• C. Liquefactive necrosis
• D. Fibrinoid necrosis
Rationale: Lipase breaks triglycerides into fatty acids, which bind calcium
(saponification), seen in acute pancreatitis or breast trauma.
7. Reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction is primarily mediated by:
• A. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• B. Increased intracellular pH
• C. Downregulation of adhesion molecules
• D. Decreased calcium influx
Rationale: ROS generated upon reoxygenation damage membranes, cause
mitochondrial permeability transition, and trigger inflammation.
8. A pap smear shows cells with variable size, shape, and hyperchromatic
nuclei but no invasion of basement membrane. This is:
• A. Metaplasia
• B. Dysplasia
• C. Carcinoma in situ
• D. Anaplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia = disordered growth; if full thickness but no invasion →
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) / carcinoma in situ.
9. Liquefactive necrosis in the brain is caused by:
• A. Bacterial toxins
