PGY 300 UB CERTIFICATION EVALUATION
QUESTIONS ANSWERS COMPLETE
SOLUTION VERIFIED PASS
●● How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
Answer: 12
●● What is the spinal cord protected by?
Answer: meninges and cerebral spinal fluid
●● What are meninges? (starting from farthest from the Spinal Cord)
Answer: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Pia Mater
●● Dura Mater
Answer: thickest, outermost layer of the meninges. associated with veins
that drain blood from the brain through the sinuses
●● arachnoid membrane
Answer: Middle meninges layer. Contains Cerebral Spinal Fluid.
●● pia mater
,Answer: innermost, thinnest meninges layer. Adheres to the surface of
the brain and the spinal cord, Associated with arteries that supply blood
to the brain.
●● Meningitis
Answer: inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
●● Dorsal Root
Answer: carrie sensory information via Afferent Neurons to the CNS
●● Ventral Root
Answer: carries motor information via Efferent Neurons to Muscles and
Glands
●● White Matter
Answer: indicative of myelin-coated nerve fibers that send messages
over long distances
●● Grey Matter
Answer: indicative of interneuron connections
●● white matter can be divided into
,Answer: Descending Tracts (carries commands from the brain to motor
neurons) and Ascending Tracts (carries sensory information to the brain)
●● Shingles
Answer: painful skin rash caused by the Varicella Virus (chicken pox)
which can stay dormant in the dorsal root ganglion for decades before
reactivating and traveling down afferent neuron to the skin, where it
causes inflammation.
●● Spinal Reflexes can
Answer: initiate a response without input from the brain.
●● Functions of Cerebral-Spinal Fluid
Answer: - contained in the spinal canal, the ventricles (amygdala,
hippocampus, etc) and the arachnoid space surrounding the brain.
- acts as a sort of watery-cushion/air-bag to protect the brain
- By diffusing with blood, it can provide nutrients and remove waste
products from the CNS to a limited extent
- produced at an interface between the circulatory system and the
ventricles of the brain, called the Choroid Plexus.
●● In a typical human adult, how much Cerebral Spinal Fluid does the
Choroid Plexus produce per day?
Answer: 500 mL
, ●● Total volume in the typical human adult brain?
Answer: 150 mL
●● Hydrocephaly
Answer: Cerebral-Spinal Fluid build up in the brain. The pressure can
lead to brain damage.
●● The Blood-Brain Barrier
Answer: a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the
brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances.
Pharmaceuticals have to be specifically designed to bypass this system.
For example, Immodium used to treat diarrhea.
●● Major Brain Areas
Answer: Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
●● Cerebellum
Answer: regulates motor activity, contains half of all the neurons in the
brain.
●● Pons
QUESTIONS ANSWERS COMPLETE
SOLUTION VERIFIED PASS
●● How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
Answer: 12
●● What is the spinal cord protected by?
Answer: meninges and cerebral spinal fluid
●● What are meninges? (starting from farthest from the Spinal Cord)
Answer: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Pia Mater
●● Dura Mater
Answer: thickest, outermost layer of the meninges. associated with veins
that drain blood from the brain through the sinuses
●● arachnoid membrane
Answer: Middle meninges layer. Contains Cerebral Spinal Fluid.
●● pia mater
,Answer: innermost, thinnest meninges layer. Adheres to the surface of
the brain and the spinal cord, Associated with arteries that supply blood
to the brain.
●● Meningitis
Answer: inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
●● Dorsal Root
Answer: carrie sensory information via Afferent Neurons to the CNS
●● Ventral Root
Answer: carries motor information via Efferent Neurons to Muscles and
Glands
●● White Matter
Answer: indicative of myelin-coated nerve fibers that send messages
over long distances
●● Grey Matter
Answer: indicative of interneuron connections
●● white matter can be divided into
,Answer: Descending Tracts (carries commands from the brain to motor
neurons) and Ascending Tracts (carries sensory information to the brain)
●● Shingles
Answer: painful skin rash caused by the Varicella Virus (chicken pox)
which can stay dormant in the dorsal root ganglion for decades before
reactivating and traveling down afferent neuron to the skin, where it
causes inflammation.
●● Spinal Reflexes can
Answer: initiate a response without input from the brain.
●● Functions of Cerebral-Spinal Fluid
Answer: - contained in the spinal canal, the ventricles (amygdala,
hippocampus, etc) and the arachnoid space surrounding the brain.
- acts as a sort of watery-cushion/air-bag to protect the brain
- By diffusing with blood, it can provide nutrients and remove waste
products from the CNS to a limited extent
- produced at an interface between the circulatory system and the
ventricles of the brain, called the Choroid Plexus.
●● In a typical human adult, how much Cerebral Spinal Fluid does the
Choroid Plexus produce per day?
Answer: 500 mL
, ●● Total volume in the typical human adult brain?
Answer: 150 mL
●● Hydrocephaly
Answer: Cerebral-Spinal Fluid build up in the brain. The pressure can
lead to brain damage.
●● The Blood-Brain Barrier
Answer: a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the
brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances.
Pharmaceuticals have to be specifically designed to bypass this system.
For example, Immodium used to treat diarrhea.
●● Major Brain Areas
Answer: Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
●● Cerebellum
Answer: regulates motor activity, contains half of all the neurons in the
brain.
●● Pons
