PHILOSOPHIES AND THEORIES FOR
ADVANCED NURSING PRACTICE FINAL
REVIEW SHEET 2026 COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What were the characteristics of nursing at the beginning of its
history? Answer: Nursing started as a vocational course focused on skills
rather than a formal profession.
⩥ What is the Apprenticeship Model in nursing practice? Answer:
Nursing practice was based on principles and traditions handed down
through practice, as seen during Florence Nightingale's time.
⩥ What was the focus of the Curriculum Era in nursing history? Answer:
The focus was on what curriculum content nurses should study, leading
to standardized curricula for diploma programs.
⩥ What was the major question during the Research Era of nursing?
Answer: The major question was about the focus for nursing research
and the role of nurses in conducting it.
⩥ What was the outcome of the Graduate Education Era in nursing?
Answer: It emphasized the need for advanced knowledge and education
to carve out an advanced role for nursing practice.
,⩥ What is the Theory Era in nursing history? Answer: This era focused
on how theories guide nursing research and practice, shifting the focus
to the patient.
⩥ What is the significance of the Theory Utilization Era in nursing?
Answer: It addresses the need for new theories to produce evidence of
quality care, guiding research, practice, education, and administration.
⩥ What are the four paradigms classified by Fawcett in nursing models?
Answer: Person, Environment, Health, and Nursing Concepts.
⩥ What criteria define a profession in nursing? Answer: The criteria
include specialized knowledge, a defined body of knowledge, and
adherence to ethical standards.
⩥ What are the historical views of the nature of science in nursing?
Answer: Historical views include the evolution of nursing knowledge
and the transition from vocational training to a recognized academic
discipline.
⩥ What is the difference between rationalism and empiricism in nursing
theory? Answer: Rationalism relies on reason and logical deduction,
while empiricism emphasizes knowledge gained through sensory
experience.
, ⩥ What are the learning targets of the Theoretical Foundations in
Nursing lesson? Answer: Targets include identifying the evolution of
nursing, defining different eras, and applying theory development
principles.
⩥ What was the outcome of the Nursing Theory's significance at the
beginning of the 20th century? Answer: Nursing was not recognized as
an academic discipline or profession until the accomplishments of the
past century.
⩥ What was the emphasis of the Nursing Theory during the Theory Era?
Answer: Theories were used to guide nursing research and practice.
⩥ What is the emerging goal of the Theory Utilization Era? Answer: To
produce evidence of quality care through nursing theory.
⩥ What historical era focused on developing specialized knowledge and
higher education in nursing? Answer: The Curriculum Era (1900 to
1940s).
⩥ What was the focus of the Graduate Education Era in nursing?
Answer: To determine what knowledge is needed for the practice of
nursing.
ADVANCED NURSING PRACTICE FINAL
REVIEW SHEET 2026 COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What were the characteristics of nursing at the beginning of its
history? Answer: Nursing started as a vocational course focused on skills
rather than a formal profession.
⩥ What is the Apprenticeship Model in nursing practice? Answer:
Nursing practice was based on principles and traditions handed down
through practice, as seen during Florence Nightingale's time.
⩥ What was the focus of the Curriculum Era in nursing history? Answer:
The focus was on what curriculum content nurses should study, leading
to standardized curricula for diploma programs.
⩥ What was the major question during the Research Era of nursing?
Answer: The major question was about the focus for nursing research
and the role of nurses in conducting it.
⩥ What was the outcome of the Graduate Education Era in nursing?
Answer: It emphasized the need for advanced knowledge and education
to carve out an advanced role for nursing practice.
,⩥ What is the Theory Era in nursing history? Answer: This era focused
on how theories guide nursing research and practice, shifting the focus
to the patient.
⩥ What is the significance of the Theory Utilization Era in nursing?
Answer: It addresses the need for new theories to produce evidence of
quality care, guiding research, practice, education, and administration.
⩥ What are the four paradigms classified by Fawcett in nursing models?
Answer: Person, Environment, Health, and Nursing Concepts.
⩥ What criteria define a profession in nursing? Answer: The criteria
include specialized knowledge, a defined body of knowledge, and
adherence to ethical standards.
⩥ What are the historical views of the nature of science in nursing?
Answer: Historical views include the evolution of nursing knowledge
and the transition from vocational training to a recognized academic
discipline.
⩥ What is the difference between rationalism and empiricism in nursing
theory? Answer: Rationalism relies on reason and logical deduction,
while empiricism emphasizes knowledge gained through sensory
experience.
, ⩥ What are the learning targets of the Theoretical Foundations in
Nursing lesson? Answer: Targets include identifying the evolution of
nursing, defining different eras, and applying theory development
principles.
⩥ What was the outcome of the Nursing Theory's significance at the
beginning of the 20th century? Answer: Nursing was not recognized as
an academic discipline or profession until the accomplishments of the
past century.
⩥ What was the emphasis of the Nursing Theory during the Theory Era?
Answer: Theories were used to guide nursing research and practice.
⩥ What is the emerging goal of the Theory Utilization Era? Answer: To
produce evidence of quality care through nursing theory.
⩥ What historical era focused on developing specialized knowledge and
higher education in nursing? Answer: The Curriculum Era (1900 to
1940s).
⩥ What was the focus of the Graduate Education Era in nursing?
Answer: To determine what knowledge is needed for the practice of
nursing.
