GCU BIO 201 Anatomy & Physiology Final
Exam Questions With Correct Answers
Describe the six levels of structural organization (from most complex to least) of
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the human body and how they interact.
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Organismal Level-> Organ System Level -> Organ Level -> Smooth Muscle Tissue ->
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Cellular Level -> Chemical Level
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Describe Negative Feedback and its purpose in maintaining Homeostasis.
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used to maintain homeostasis deviation from a set point can trigger responses to
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reverse or counteract the change
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How are carbohydrates stored in the body?
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Glycogen in the liver and muscles, broken down to glucose when it needs energy
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Describe the composition of Triglycerides, Nucleic Acids, and Proteoglycans.
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Triglycerides: Glycerol + 3 fatty acids. | | | | |
,Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base).
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Proteoglycans: Protein core with long chains of carbohydrates
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(glycosaminoglycans).
Describe the importance of ATP in the body
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Structure: Adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
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Function: Releases energy when phosphate bonds are broken.
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Describe the types of bonds that attract water molecules together.
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Hydrogen Bonds attract water molecules to each other.
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Compare and contrast 'Dehydration Synthesis' vs 'Hydrolysis'
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Dehydration Synthesis: Binds molecules together by removing water.
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Hydrolysis: Breaks bonds by adding water.
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,Explain pH and its importance in physiology, and which element pH is determined
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by.
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pH: Measures acidity or alkalinity; determined by hydrogen ion (H⁺)
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concentration.
Importance: Proper pH balance is vital for enzyme activity and cellular function.
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Outline the steps of cellular respiration in detail.
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Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm; splits glucose into pyruvate.
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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): In the mitochondria; produces NADH and FADH₂.
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Electron Transport Chain: Generates most ATP by transferring electrons through
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proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Aerobic respiration
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Occurs in the mitochondria, requires oxygen, produces ATP, water and CO2
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, anaerobic respiration |
Occurs in the cytoplasm, does not require oxygen and results in less ATP, and
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lactic acid (animals) or ETOH + CO2 in yeast
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What is the role of NADH in CAC?
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Carries electrons to the Electron Transport Chain for ATP production
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Which stage of respiration generates the most ATP?
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electron transport chain
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Catabolic vs anabolic vs exergonic vs endergonic reaction
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Catabolic: Breaks down molecules, releasing energy (exergonic).
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Anabolic: Builds molecules, requiring energy (endergonic).
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Describe the phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane)
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-hydrophilic heads facing out | | |
Exam Questions With Correct Answers
Describe the six levels of structural organization (from most complex to least) of
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the human body and how they interact.
| | | | | |
Organismal Level-> Organ System Level -> Organ Level -> Smooth Muscle Tissue ->
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Cellular Level -> Chemical Level
| | | | |
Describe Negative Feedback and its purpose in maintaining Homeostasis.
| | | | | | | |
used to maintain homeostasis deviation from a set point can trigger responses to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
reverse or counteract the change
| | | |
How are carbohydrates stored in the body?
| | | | | |
Glycogen in the liver and muscles, broken down to glucose when it needs energy
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Describe the composition of Triglycerides, Nucleic Acids, and Proteoglycans.
| | | | | | | |
Triglycerides: Glycerol + 3 fatty acids. | | | | |
,Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base).
| | | | | | |
Proteoglycans: Protein core with long chains of carbohydrates
| | | | | | | |
(glycosaminoglycans).
Describe the importance of ATP in the body
| | | | | | |
Structure: Adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
| | | | | | | |
Function: Releases energy when phosphate bonds are broken.
| | | | | | |
Describe the types of bonds that attract water molecules together.
| | | | | | | | |
Hydrogen Bonds attract water molecules to each other.
| | | | | | |
Compare and contrast 'Dehydration Synthesis' vs 'Hydrolysis'
| | | | | |
Dehydration Synthesis: Binds molecules together by removing water.
| | | | | | |
Hydrolysis: Breaks bonds by adding water.
| | | | |
,Explain pH and its importance in physiology, and which element pH is determined
| | | | | | | | | | | |
by.
|
pH: Measures acidity or alkalinity; determined by hydrogen ion (H⁺)
| | | | | | | | | |
concentration.
Importance: Proper pH balance is vital for enzyme activity and cellular function.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Outline the steps of cellular respiration in detail.
| | | | | | |
Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm; splits glucose into pyruvate.
| | | | | | | |
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): In the mitochondria; produces NADH and FADH₂.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Electron Transport Chain: Generates most ATP by transferring electrons through
| | | | | | | | | |
proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
| | | | |
Aerobic respiration
|
Occurs in the mitochondria, requires oxygen, produces ATP, water and CO2
| | | | | | | | | |
, anaerobic respiration |
Occurs in the cytoplasm, does not require oxygen and results in less ATP, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
lactic acid (animals) or ETOH + CO2 in yeast
| | | | | | | |
What is the role of NADH in CAC?
| | | | | | |
Carries electrons to the Electron Transport Chain for ATP production
| | | | | | | | |
Which stage of respiration generates the most ATP?
| | | | | | |
electron transport chain
| |
Catabolic vs anabolic vs exergonic vs endergonic reaction
| | | | | | |
Catabolic: Breaks down molecules, releasing energy (exergonic).
| | | | | |
Anabolic: Builds molecules, requiring energy (endergonic).
| | | | |
Describe the phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane)
| | | | |
-hydrophilic heads facing out | | |
