Instructor’s Manual
Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives 13th Edition
by Charles Lushbaugh, Paul Weston
ST
U
D
YL
AB
, Table of Content
PART 1: THE INITIAL INVESTIGATION
1. Evolution of Policing and Investigation
2. Rules of Evidence and Arrest
3. The Crime Scene
4. Physical Evidence
5. Laboratory and Technical Services
6. Basic Investigative Leads and Informants
7. Interviewing and Interrogation
ST
PART 2: INVESTIGATING MAJOR CRIMES
8. Crimes of Violence
9. Sexual Assaults
10. Missing and Exploited Persons
U
11. Robbery
D
12. Arson, Bombing, and Hate Crimes
13. Property Crimes
YL
14. Cybercrime
15. Dangerous Drugs
16. Special Investigations
AB
17. Terrorism
18. The Investigator as a Witness and Ethical Awareness
, KJHGFDS
Chapter 1
Evolution of Policing and Investigation
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Modern policing is a relatively new concept. Prior to the introduction of policing, people were
responsible for their own protection. The first policing efforts were rudimentary and evolved
over time to a professional policing model occurring first in England. The Bow Street runners
and London’s Metropolitan Police department aided in forming police agencies in the United
States.
In the United States, the move towards reforming policing was aided by August Vollmer.
ST
Additionally, the Great Depression and removing politics from policing furthered the reform
movement. The move toward professional policing was assisted by developments in the
scientific community that could be applied to criminal investigations.
Modern criminal investigations are conducted at the local, state, and federal level by a variety of
law enforcement agencies. Local policing is typically responsible for law enforcement in areas of
U
patrol, traffic, operation of county jails, and detective work. In most states, state police officers
patrol state highways, general law enforcement, and specialized investigations. Federal
investigative agencies are responsible for investigations that come within the federal jurisdiction.
These agencies include: Marshall’s Service, Postal Inspection Services, Secret Services, FBI,
D
ATF, and DEA.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
YL
After reading this chapter the student will be able to:
• Discuss the evolution of policing in England and how it applies to American policing.
• Evaluate the political climate in the United States at the time the first police departments
were being formed and the effect this political climate had on these departments.
AB
• Describe the emergence of the reform movement in American policing and the major
tenets of the reform agenda. Identify the persons and their scientific discoveries that led
to the development of the field of criminalistics.
• Identify the various policing agencies at the local, state, and federal levels and their areas
of responsibility.
LECTURE OUTLINE
A. Early Response to Crime
1. English law was used to form the basis of our own modern legal system.
2. The first U.S. police agencies were modeled after the London Metropolitan police.
3. Night Watch was in England in 1285.
a. The Statute of Winchester required all towns to have men on the streets after
dark to provide for the safety of travelers and the town’s inhabitants.
b. The watchmen were supervised by a constable.
10
, KJHGFDS
c. The statute required citizens to come to the aid of the night watchmen
whenever they gave the hue and cry for assistance.
d. Eventually, night watchmen became paid employees in order to improve the
quality of the service.
B. Thief-takers
1. In 1689, the English government established rewards for the conviction of crimes.
a. Thief-takers often got involved as a sort of bounty hunter to acquire the reward
money and the confiscate the criminal’s possessions.
C. Bow Street Runners
1. In 1748, Henry Fielding organized a group of former constables and thief-takers to
carry out investigations and bring suspects to trial.
2. His brother John Fielding, considered to be the father of the modern police detective,
instituted several changes in the system by:
ST
a. organizing mounted patrols to protect the highways and foot patrols on the city
streets.
b. establishing the Police Gazette to encourage victims to report crimes to his
court.
D. London’s Metropolitan Police
1. British Home Secretary Robert Peel and later as the British Prime Minister.
U
a. A strong advocate of establishing a police force to combat crime
b. Known today as the father of policing
2. The new police force was uniformed as to be readily identifiable to the citizenry.
D
3. Officers were issued a numbered badge so citizens could properly identify the officers.
4. The police were modeled along military organizational lines, which is still in use
today.
5. The police force included nearly 3,000 officers known as “bobbies”.
YL
6. Officers carried only nightsticks for protection, and were instructed to be respectful to
the public.
E. American Policing
1. In 1845 the New York City established a police force modeled after the London
Metropolitan Police. Major differences would cause problems:
AB
a. London’s police were administered at the federal level; early American police
departments at the city level.
b. The corrupt “spoils system”
c. Patronage- an applicant had to have political friends to become an officer or
money to buy the job.
d. American police had no hiring standards; recruits received little or no training.
2. The emphasis of early policing was to maintain order.
a. The police paid little attention to the investigation or prevention of crime and
often accepted payments to ignore vice.
F. The Reform Movement
1. August Vollmer—One of the chief advocates of police reform, chief of police in
Berkeley, California, from 1905 to 1932. Six-point agenda:
a. Policing should serve the community on a non-partisan basis
b. Politics should be eliminated from policing
c. Law enforcement agencies should have qualified chief executives
11
Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives 13th Edition
by Charles Lushbaugh, Paul Weston
ST
U
D
YL
AB
, Table of Content
PART 1: THE INITIAL INVESTIGATION
1. Evolution of Policing and Investigation
2. Rules of Evidence and Arrest
3. The Crime Scene
4. Physical Evidence
5. Laboratory and Technical Services
6. Basic Investigative Leads and Informants
7. Interviewing and Interrogation
ST
PART 2: INVESTIGATING MAJOR CRIMES
8. Crimes of Violence
9. Sexual Assaults
10. Missing and Exploited Persons
U
11. Robbery
D
12. Arson, Bombing, and Hate Crimes
13. Property Crimes
YL
14. Cybercrime
15. Dangerous Drugs
16. Special Investigations
AB
17. Terrorism
18. The Investigator as a Witness and Ethical Awareness
, KJHGFDS
Chapter 1
Evolution of Policing and Investigation
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Modern policing is a relatively new concept. Prior to the introduction of policing, people were
responsible for their own protection. The first policing efforts were rudimentary and evolved
over time to a professional policing model occurring first in England. The Bow Street runners
and London’s Metropolitan Police department aided in forming police agencies in the United
States.
In the United States, the move towards reforming policing was aided by August Vollmer.
ST
Additionally, the Great Depression and removing politics from policing furthered the reform
movement. The move toward professional policing was assisted by developments in the
scientific community that could be applied to criminal investigations.
Modern criminal investigations are conducted at the local, state, and federal level by a variety of
law enforcement agencies. Local policing is typically responsible for law enforcement in areas of
U
patrol, traffic, operation of county jails, and detective work. In most states, state police officers
patrol state highways, general law enforcement, and specialized investigations. Federal
investigative agencies are responsible for investigations that come within the federal jurisdiction.
These agencies include: Marshall’s Service, Postal Inspection Services, Secret Services, FBI,
D
ATF, and DEA.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
YL
After reading this chapter the student will be able to:
• Discuss the evolution of policing in England and how it applies to American policing.
• Evaluate the political climate in the United States at the time the first police departments
were being formed and the effect this political climate had on these departments.
AB
• Describe the emergence of the reform movement in American policing and the major
tenets of the reform agenda. Identify the persons and their scientific discoveries that led
to the development of the field of criminalistics.
• Identify the various policing agencies at the local, state, and federal levels and their areas
of responsibility.
LECTURE OUTLINE
A. Early Response to Crime
1. English law was used to form the basis of our own modern legal system.
2. The first U.S. police agencies were modeled after the London Metropolitan police.
3. Night Watch was in England in 1285.
a. The Statute of Winchester required all towns to have men on the streets after
dark to provide for the safety of travelers and the town’s inhabitants.
b. The watchmen were supervised by a constable.
10
, KJHGFDS
c. The statute required citizens to come to the aid of the night watchmen
whenever they gave the hue and cry for assistance.
d. Eventually, night watchmen became paid employees in order to improve the
quality of the service.
B. Thief-takers
1. In 1689, the English government established rewards for the conviction of crimes.
a. Thief-takers often got involved as a sort of bounty hunter to acquire the reward
money and the confiscate the criminal’s possessions.
C. Bow Street Runners
1. In 1748, Henry Fielding organized a group of former constables and thief-takers to
carry out investigations and bring suspects to trial.
2. His brother John Fielding, considered to be the father of the modern police detective,
instituted several changes in the system by:
ST
a. organizing mounted patrols to protect the highways and foot patrols on the city
streets.
b. establishing the Police Gazette to encourage victims to report crimes to his
court.
D. London’s Metropolitan Police
1. British Home Secretary Robert Peel and later as the British Prime Minister.
U
a. A strong advocate of establishing a police force to combat crime
b. Known today as the father of policing
2. The new police force was uniformed as to be readily identifiable to the citizenry.
D
3. Officers were issued a numbered badge so citizens could properly identify the officers.
4. The police were modeled along military organizational lines, which is still in use
today.
5. The police force included nearly 3,000 officers known as “bobbies”.
YL
6. Officers carried only nightsticks for protection, and were instructed to be respectful to
the public.
E. American Policing
1. In 1845 the New York City established a police force modeled after the London
Metropolitan Police. Major differences would cause problems:
AB
a. London’s police were administered at the federal level; early American police
departments at the city level.
b. The corrupt “spoils system”
c. Patronage- an applicant had to have political friends to become an officer or
money to buy the job.
d. American police had no hiring standards; recruits received little or no training.
2. The emphasis of early policing was to maintain order.
a. The police paid little attention to the investigation or prevention of crime and
often accepted payments to ignore vice.
F. The Reform Movement
1. August Vollmer—One of the chief advocates of police reform, chief of police in
Berkeley, California, from 1905 to 1932. Six-point agenda:
a. Policing should serve the community on a non-partisan basis
b. Politics should be eliminated from policing
c. Law enforcement agencies should have qualified chief executives
11
