PRN 1409 EXAM 3 FINAL EXAM EXAM
PREPARATION PACK 2026 KEY CONCEPTS
AND REVISION NOTES
◉ Healthy Forest Restoration Act of 2003
Answer: Dfn: Arising due to high risk of catastrophic fire US
forest/rangeland, Congress passed this to encourage reduction in
fuel-rich forests to make wildfires less dangerous (esp. wrt
developed areas, like CA)
-Increased money for fire prevention, reduced environmental
reviews, and limited appeals
*Doesn't apply to private lands (remember class discussion)
◉ List the 2 types of sustainable forest management certification
standards
Answer: 1) Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
2) Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI)
◉ T/F: Sustainable forest management certification standards are
mandatory.
Answer: False, sustainable forest management certification
standards are completely voluntary.
,◉ What is the overarching goal of sustainable forest management
certification standards?
Answer: Challenge illegal harvest, poor practices, and
overexploitation that harms forestry industry in order to provide
solutions for businesses and consumers that strikes balance
between economy and nature
-Provided by independent, third-party assurances that forestry
operation meets standards
◉ Describe the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
Answer: Dfn: International nonprofit that offers forest certification
on international basis
-Founded by reps from environmental groups, timber industry,
forestry, Indians, etc..
-Supports national and regional efforts in line with international
values/requirements
-Has set of 10 principles and 56 criteria that address each group's
concerns that apply internationally but can be tailored locally
*Considered the superior accreditation wrt environmental values
◉ Describe the Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI)
Answer: Dfn: Developed by American Forest and Paper Association
based on six principles that address economic, ecological, cultural,
and law issues, seeks to document member commitment in US and
Canada to high level of sustainability
,-Relatively market-based
*Considered inferior to FSC wrt environmental values, more
favorable toward economic conditions
◉ Wrt environmental value perspective, which type of sustainable
forest management certification standard is considered to be
superior?
Answer: FSC > SFI
◉ How do sustainable forest management certification standards
achieve legitimacy?
Answer: Eliciting compliance with rules/decisions from people who
disagree with said rules/decisions
-Recent progress has been achieved (esp. with market-based
strategies that foster compliance instead of command-and-control
methods)
-Consumers know due to logos on complying products
◉ Define air pollution
Answer: Dfn: Contamination of the air by the discharge of harmful
substances
-Causes a variety of minor-serious elements
a) Leads to decrease in ozone layer (indirectly causing more cancer,
cataracts)
, -Destroys stone structures (Prof. Centner's favorite type of
structures)
-Activities that increase air pollution may be regulated to prevent
unreasonable damages
◉ What were the first air pollution controls? First federal?
Answer: 1) First state/local: Chicago and NYC regulatory ordinances
over smokestacks and boilers
2) First federal: Air Pollution Control Act of 1955
-Not very successful, nor was its successive bills prior to CAA
◉ What was the first powerful piece of legislative action concerning
controlling air pollution?
Answer: Clean Air Act of 1970 (CAA)
◉ Describe the federal-state government partnership under the
Clean Air Act (CAA)
Answer: 1) Federal: EPA establishes standards, conducts research,
provides assistance, and enforces standards when states fail
egregiously (usually due to economic reasons)
2) State: States monitor and limit air pollution
◉ How does CAA handle stationary sources (i.e., factories) of air
pollution?
PREPARATION PACK 2026 KEY CONCEPTS
AND REVISION NOTES
◉ Healthy Forest Restoration Act of 2003
Answer: Dfn: Arising due to high risk of catastrophic fire US
forest/rangeland, Congress passed this to encourage reduction in
fuel-rich forests to make wildfires less dangerous (esp. wrt
developed areas, like CA)
-Increased money for fire prevention, reduced environmental
reviews, and limited appeals
*Doesn't apply to private lands (remember class discussion)
◉ List the 2 types of sustainable forest management certification
standards
Answer: 1) Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
2) Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI)
◉ T/F: Sustainable forest management certification standards are
mandatory.
Answer: False, sustainable forest management certification
standards are completely voluntary.
,◉ What is the overarching goal of sustainable forest management
certification standards?
Answer: Challenge illegal harvest, poor practices, and
overexploitation that harms forestry industry in order to provide
solutions for businesses and consumers that strikes balance
between economy and nature
-Provided by independent, third-party assurances that forestry
operation meets standards
◉ Describe the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
Answer: Dfn: International nonprofit that offers forest certification
on international basis
-Founded by reps from environmental groups, timber industry,
forestry, Indians, etc..
-Supports national and regional efforts in line with international
values/requirements
-Has set of 10 principles and 56 criteria that address each group's
concerns that apply internationally but can be tailored locally
*Considered the superior accreditation wrt environmental values
◉ Describe the Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI)
Answer: Dfn: Developed by American Forest and Paper Association
based on six principles that address economic, ecological, cultural,
and law issues, seeks to document member commitment in US and
Canada to high level of sustainability
,-Relatively market-based
*Considered inferior to FSC wrt environmental values, more
favorable toward economic conditions
◉ Wrt environmental value perspective, which type of sustainable
forest management certification standard is considered to be
superior?
Answer: FSC > SFI
◉ How do sustainable forest management certification standards
achieve legitimacy?
Answer: Eliciting compliance with rules/decisions from people who
disagree with said rules/decisions
-Recent progress has been achieved (esp. with market-based
strategies that foster compliance instead of command-and-control
methods)
-Consumers know due to logos on complying products
◉ Define air pollution
Answer: Dfn: Contamination of the air by the discharge of harmful
substances
-Causes a variety of minor-serious elements
a) Leads to decrease in ozone layer (indirectly causing more cancer,
cataracts)
, -Destroys stone structures (Prof. Centner's favorite type of
structures)
-Activities that increase air pollution may be regulated to prevent
unreasonable damages
◉ What were the first air pollution controls? First federal?
Answer: 1) First state/local: Chicago and NYC regulatory ordinances
over smokestacks and boilers
2) First federal: Air Pollution Control Act of 1955
-Not very successful, nor was its successive bills prior to CAA
◉ What was the first powerful piece of legislative action concerning
controlling air pollution?
Answer: Clean Air Act of 1970 (CAA)
◉ Describe the federal-state government partnership under the
Clean Air Act (CAA)
Answer: 1) Federal: EPA establishes standards, conducts research,
provides assistance, and enforces standards when states fail
egregiously (usually due to economic reasons)
2) State: States monitor and limit air pollution
◉ How does CAA handle stationary sources (i.e., factories) of air
pollution?
