ABRET-EEG (Electroencephalogram)
Actual Exam Reviewed 2026|A Review of
1352 Real Past Exam Questions and
Correct Verified Answers With Detailed
Clinical Rationales| Guaranteed Pass
1. Flat EEG - ANSWER✔️-clinical evidence of brain death because spontaneous
brain waves are always present, even during unconsciousness and coma
2. Consciousness - ANSWER✔️-encompasses conscious perception of
sensations, voluntary initiation and control of movement, and capabilities
associated with higher mental processing alertness is the highest stage coma is
the most depressed stage intermediate stages (drowsiness or lethargy and
stupor) involves simultaneous activity of large areas of the cerebral cortex
superimposed on other types of neural activity holistic and totally
interconnected
3. Syncope - ANSWER✔️-fainting or brief loss of consciousness indicates
inadequate cerebral blood flow due to low blood pressure, as might follow
hemorrhage or sudden emotional stress
4. Coma - ANSWER✔️-significant unresponsiveness to sensory stimuli for an
extended period of time not the same as deep sleep oxygen use is below normal
resting levels
5. Electromyography (EMG) - ANSWER✔️-a technique that measures the
electrical activity of the skeletal muscles and therefore reflects the nerves
controlling them size and shape of waveform measured provides info about the
ability of the muscle to respond when nerves are stimulated
6. Electroencephalogram (EEG) - ANSWER✔️-records some aspects of the
activity of the continuous electrical activity of neurons and the cerebral cortex
made by placing electrodes on the scalp and then connecting the electrodes to
, an apparatus that measure electrical potential differences between various
cortical areas signals area affected by the state of arousal of the cerebral cortex
and show characteristic changes in different stages of sleep signals are also
affected by stimulation from the external environment, and brainwaves can
become entrained to external stimulus used in the diagnosis of epilepsies and
diagnosis of brain death recording is difficult because of the small size of
voltage signals due to the separation of the recording electrodes from the brains
surface of the scalp, skull, and CSF reflects the algebraic sum of the electrical
potential changes occurring from large populations of cells
7. Brain waves - ANSWER✔️-the patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded
and are generated by synaptic activity at the surface of the cortex, rather than by
action potentials in the white matter they are as unique as fingerprints they tend
to have a low amplitude and higher frequency when awake and high amplitude
and lower frequency when asleep frequencies that are too high or too low
indicate problems with cerebral cortical functions and unconsciousness occurs
at both extremes they change with age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, and
chemical state of the body
8. Frequency - ANSWER✔️-expressed in hertz (Hz)number of peaks in one
second
9. Amplitude/intensity - ANSWER✔️-represented by how high the peak wave
rises and how low the peak trough dips reflects the synchronous activity of
many neurons and not the degree of electrical activity of individual neurons
10.Bio Amplifier - ANSWER✔️-a specially designed amplifier is essential to
measure the voltage signals of the EEG since the size of voltage is so small
location of electrodes during EEG activity of power lab 2 - two frontal
electrodes on the forehead and one (ground or earth) electrode attached to the
mastoid process to reduce electrical interference
11.Epileptic seizure - ANSWER✔️-without warning a person may lose
consciousness and fall stiffly to the ground, wracked by uncontrollable jerking
excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP and IPSP) - the EEG
results in slow changes in membrane potentials of cortical neurons, especially
these, rather than action potentials propagated along nerve axons
,12.Alpha waves - ANSWER✔️-8-13 Hz average amplitudes 30-50 microvolts
relatively regular and rhythmic, low amplitude, synchronous waves usually
indicate that the brain is idling (calm, relaxed state of wakefulness) seen when
the eyes are closed and subject is relaxed strongest over the occipital (back of
the head) cortex and also the frontal cortex less alpha waves indicate more
cortical activity
13.Beta waves - ANSWER✔️-13-30 Hz <20 microvolts rhythmic, less regular
waves with higher frequencies than alpha waves occur when mentally alert--
concentrating on some problem or visual stimulus awake, alert individuals with
their eyes open absent or reduced in areas of cortical damage can be
accentuated by sedative-hypnotic drugs s/a benzodiazepines and barbiturates
14.Theta waves - ANSWER✔️-4-8 Hz <30 microvolts more irregular common in
awake children (up to adolescent age) but *uncommon* in awake adults, may
appear when concentrating normal during sleep at all ages
15.Low theta waves - ANSWER✔️-4-5.45 Hz activity that correlates with
decreased arousal and increased drowsiness
16.High theta waves - ANSWER✔️-6-7.45 Hz activity that is claimed is enhanced
during tasks involving working memory
17.Delta waves - ANSWER✔️-between 0.5 and 4 Hz up to 100-200 microvolts
highest amplitude of any component EEG waves seen during sleep and when
the reticular activating system is damped, s/a during anaesthesia indicate brain
damage in awake adults dominant rhythm during sleep stages 3 and 4 but is not
seen in the conscious adult EEG artifacts caused by movements of jaw and neck
muscles can produce waves in the same frequency band
18.Gamma waves - ANSWER✔️-between 30-50 Hz Controversial associated with
higher mental activity, including perception and consciousness and disappears
under general anaesthesia reflects mental activity involved in integrating
various aspects of an object to form a coherent picture enhanced in Buddhist
monks during meditation and absent in schizophrenics very high frequency
19.Sleep - ANSWER✔️-a state of partial unconsciousness form which a person
can be aroused by stimulation cortical activity is depressed for the most part,
, but brainstem functions continue (s/a respiration, HR, BP) even environmental
monitoring continues to some extent
20.Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) - ANSWER✔️-the first 30-45 min of the
sleep cycle are spent in stages 1 and 2most nightmares and night terrors occur
during stages 3 and 4 there are 4 stages that are alternated between serotonin
levels are increased characterized by rolling, uncoordinated and slow eye
movements and passively decreased muscle tone
21.Slow-wave sleep - ANSWER✔️-NREM sleep stages 3 and 4 indicate deeper
sleep frequency of EEG waves decline, but the amplitude increases BP and HR
decrease presumed to be restorative when deprived of sleep, we spend more
time in this sleep during the next episode not affected by alcohol or sleep
medications certain tranquilizers, s/a diazepam (Valium) reduce this stage
22.NREM stage1 - ANSWER✔️-marked by drowsiness and drifting in and out of
consciousness decreasing beta activity alpha activity becomes less obvious
emergence of theta activity relatively "light" stage of sleep
23.NREM stage 2 - ANSWER✔️-irregular theta activity sleep spindles and k
complexes are present relatively "light" stage of sleep
24.Sleep spindles - ANSWER✔️-present in NREM sleep stage 2
short bursts of waves of 12-14 Hz
25.K complexes - ANSWER✔️-increase in wave amplitude present in NREM
sleep stage 2
26.NREM stage 3 - ANSWER✔️-delta activity predominates there is delta activity
for less than 50% of the time deep sleep
27.NREM stage 4 - ANSWER✔️-delta activity predominates deep sleep declines
steadily from birth and often disappears completely in those over 40
28.Rapid eye movement (REM) - ANSWER✔️-indicated by very irregular EEG
patterns that change abruptly after NREM stage 4 has been achieved (about 90
min into sleep cycle) and appears to backtrack quickly through the stages until
alpha waves appear increased HR, respiratory rate, and BP, irregular breathing
Actual Exam Reviewed 2026|A Review of
1352 Real Past Exam Questions and
Correct Verified Answers With Detailed
Clinical Rationales| Guaranteed Pass
1. Flat EEG - ANSWER✔️-clinical evidence of brain death because spontaneous
brain waves are always present, even during unconsciousness and coma
2. Consciousness - ANSWER✔️-encompasses conscious perception of
sensations, voluntary initiation and control of movement, and capabilities
associated with higher mental processing alertness is the highest stage coma is
the most depressed stage intermediate stages (drowsiness or lethargy and
stupor) involves simultaneous activity of large areas of the cerebral cortex
superimposed on other types of neural activity holistic and totally
interconnected
3. Syncope - ANSWER✔️-fainting or brief loss of consciousness indicates
inadequate cerebral blood flow due to low blood pressure, as might follow
hemorrhage or sudden emotional stress
4. Coma - ANSWER✔️-significant unresponsiveness to sensory stimuli for an
extended period of time not the same as deep sleep oxygen use is below normal
resting levels
5. Electromyography (EMG) - ANSWER✔️-a technique that measures the
electrical activity of the skeletal muscles and therefore reflects the nerves
controlling them size and shape of waveform measured provides info about the
ability of the muscle to respond when nerves are stimulated
6. Electroencephalogram (EEG) - ANSWER✔️-records some aspects of the
activity of the continuous electrical activity of neurons and the cerebral cortex
made by placing electrodes on the scalp and then connecting the electrodes to
, an apparatus that measure electrical potential differences between various
cortical areas signals area affected by the state of arousal of the cerebral cortex
and show characteristic changes in different stages of sleep signals are also
affected by stimulation from the external environment, and brainwaves can
become entrained to external stimulus used in the diagnosis of epilepsies and
diagnosis of brain death recording is difficult because of the small size of
voltage signals due to the separation of the recording electrodes from the brains
surface of the scalp, skull, and CSF reflects the algebraic sum of the electrical
potential changes occurring from large populations of cells
7. Brain waves - ANSWER✔️-the patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded
and are generated by synaptic activity at the surface of the cortex, rather than by
action potentials in the white matter they are as unique as fingerprints they tend
to have a low amplitude and higher frequency when awake and high amplitude
and lower frequency when asleep frequencies that are too high or too low
indicate problems with cerebral cortical functions and unconsciousness occurs
at both extremes they change with age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, and
chemical state of the body
8. Frequency - ANSWER✔️-expressed in hertz (Hz)number of peaks in one
second
9. Amplitude/intensity - ANSWER✔️-represented by how high the peak wave
rises and how low the peak trough dips reflects the synchronous activity of
many neurons and not the degree of electrical activity of individual neurons
10.Bio Amplifier - ANSWER✔️-a specially designed amplifier is essential to
measure the voltage signals of the EEG since the size of voltage is so small
location of electrodes during EEG activity of power lab 2 - two frontal
electrodes on the forehead and one (ground or earth) electrode attached to the
mastoid process to reduce electrical interference
11.Epileptic seizure - ANSWER✔️-without warning a person may lose
consciousness and fall stiffly to the ground, wracked by uncontrollable jerking
excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP and IPSP) - the EEG
results in slow changes in membrane potentials of cortical neurons, especially
these, rather than action potentials propagated along nerve axons
,12.Alpha waves - ANSWER✔️-8-13 Hz average amplitudes 30-50 microvolts
relatively regular and rhythmic, low amplitude, synchronous waves usually
indicate that the brain is idling (calm, relaxed state of wakefulness) seen when
the eyes are closed and subject is relaxed strongest over the occipital (back of
the head) cortex and also the frontal cortex less alpha waves indicate more
cortical activity
13.Beta waves - ANSWER✔️-13-30 Hz <20 microvolts rhythmic, less regular
waves with higher frequencies than alpha waves occur when mentally alert--
concentrating on some problem or visual stimulus awake, alert individuals with
their eyes open absent or reduced in areas of cortical damage can be
accentuated by sedative-hypnotic drugs s/a benzodiazepines and barbiturates
14.Theta waves - ANSWER✔️-4-8 Hz <30 microvolts more irregular common in
awake children (up to adolescent age) but *uncommon* in awake adults, may
appear when concentrating normal during sleep at all ages
15.Low theta waves - ANSWER✔️-4-5.45 Hz activity that correlates with
decreased arousal and increased drowsiness
16.High theta waves - ANSWER✔️-6-7.45 Hz activity that is claimed is enhanced
during tasks involving working memory
17.Delta waves - ANSWER✔️-between 0.5 and 4 Hz up to 100-200 microvolts
highest amplitude of any component EEG waves seen during sleep and when
the reticular activating system is damped, s/a during anaesthesia indicate brain
damage in awake adults dominant rhythm during sleep stages 3 and 4 but is not
seen in the conscious adult EEG artifacts caused by movements of jaw and neck
muscles can produce waves in the same frequency band
18.Gamma waves - ANSWER✔️-between 30-50 Hz Controversial associated with
higher mental activity, including perception and consciousness and disappears
under general anaesthesia reflects mental activity involved in integrating
various aspects of an object to form a coherent picture enhanced in Buddhist
monks during meditation and absent in schizophrenics very high frequency
19.Sleep - ANSWER✔️-a state of partial unconsciousness form which a person
can be aroused by stimulation cortical activity is depressed for the most part,
, but brainstem functions continue (s/a respiration, HR, BP) even environmental
monitoring continues to some extent
20.Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) - ANSWER✔️-the first 30-45 min of the
sleep cycle are spent in stages 1 and 2most nightmares and night terrors occur
during stages 3 and 4 there are 4 stages that are alternated between serotonin
levels are increased characterized by rolling, uncoordinated and slow eye
movements and passively decreased muscle tone
21.Slow-wave sleep - ANSWER✔️-NREM sleep stages 3 and 4 indicate deeper
sleep frequency of EEG waves decline, but the amplitude increases BP and HR
decrease presumed to be restorative when deprived of sleep, we spend more
time in this sleep during the next episode not affected by alcohol or sleep
medications certain tranquilizers, s/a diazepam (Valium) reduce this stage
22.NREM stage1 - ANSWER✔️-marked by drowsiness and drifting in and out of
consciousness decreasing beta activity alpha activity becomes less obvious
emergence of theta activity relatively "light" stage of sleep
23.NREM stage 2 - ANSWER✔️-irregular theta activity sleep spindles and k
complexes are present relatively "light" stage of sleep
24.Sleep spindles - ANSWER✔️-present in NREM sleep stage 2
short bursts of waves of 12-14 Hz
25.K complexes - ANSWER✔️-increase in wave amplitude present in NREM
sleep stage 2
26.NREM stage 3 - ANSWER✔️-delta activity predominates there is delta activity
for less than 50% of the time deep sleep
27.NREM stage 4 - ANSWER✔️-delta activity predominates deep sleep declines
steadily from birth and often disappears completely in those over 40
28.Rapid eye movement (REM) - ANSWER✔️-indicated by very irregular EEG
patterns that change abruptly after NREM stage 4 has been achieved (about 90
min into sleep cycle) and appears to backtrack quickly through the stages until
alpha waves appear increased HR, respiratory rate, and BP, irregular breathing
