PNB 2265 Exam III: Digestive System questions
and answers 2026\2027 A+ Grade
alimentary canal
- correct answer digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
-mouth
-esophagus
-stomach
-SI
-LI
-rectum
accessory organs
- correct answer -salivary glands
-liver
-pancreas
-gallbladder
Serous Peritoneum
- correct answer double layered membrane SURROUNDING the abdominal cavity
-membrane will "fold" on themselves = pockets
1. parietal (inside) peritoneum = lines walls of abdominal cavity
in between: peritoneal fluid = lubrication
,2. visceral peritoneum (outside) = covers surface of organs
omentum
- correct answer a fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs.
-belly region
-VISCERAL fat
GI Layers: Serosa
- correct answer ie. adventitia
-outermost layer
-CT layer but contains BV
-purpose: give structure, protection
GI layers: muscularis externa
- correct answer SMOOTH MUSCLE layer, two sections:
1. outer layer = "longitudinal"
-length: slides things forward
-relax = lengthen
-contract = shorten
MYENTERIC PLEXUS (nerves)
-between the longitudinal and circular muscular layers, innervates the submucosal plexus
-like a relay station, sends sensory info to the brainstem: chemical, pH of gut, stretch of walls, motor
responses
-part of enteric NS
-majority is parasympathetic (think "rest and digest"): ACh
-preganglionic nerves: vagus or pelvic
, 2. inner layer = "circular"
-radius, wraps around the tube: flow
-relax = inc radius
-contract = dec radius
GI layers: submucosa
- correct answer -loose CT tissue, thick layer
-large BV
-Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissues (GALT): large LVs that protect vs. bacteria
-submuscosal plexus: smaller nerves that are between the circular layer and innervate the mucosal layer
GI layer: mucosa
- correct answer three sublayers:
1. muscularis mucosae
-smooth muscle
-shape folds-like an elastic waist band, ridges/folds
2. lamina propria
-CT tissue
-support small vessels and lymph nodes
-thickest layer in mucosa
3. epithelium
-simple/stratified columnar
-enterocytes
-enteroendocrine
-mucous producing cells
and answers 2026\2027 A+ Grade
alimentary canal
- correct answer digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
-mouth
-esophagus
-stomach
-SI
-LI
-rectum
accessory organs
- correct answer -salivary glands
-liver
-pancreas
-gallbladder
Serous Peritoneum
- correct answer double layered membrane SURROUNDING the abdominal cavity
-membrane will "fold" on themselves = pockets
1. parietal (inside) peritoneum = lines walls of abdominal cavity
in between: peritoneal fluid = lubrication
,2. visceral peritoneum (outside) = covers surface of organs
omentum
- correct answer a fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs.
-belly region
-VISCERAL fat
GI Layers: Serosa
- correct answer ie. adventitia
-outermost layer
-CT layer but contains BV
-purpose: give structure, protection
GI layers: muscularis externa
- correct answer SMOOTH MUSCLE layer, two sections:
1. outer layer = "longitudinal"
-length: slides things forward
-relax = lengthen
-contract = shorten
MYENTERIC PLEXUS (nerves)
-between the longitudinal and circular muscular layers, innervates the submucosal plexus
-like a relay station, sends sensory info to the brainstem: chemical, pH of gut, stretch of walls, motor
responses
-part of enteric NS
-majority is parasympathetic (think "rest and digest"): ACh
-preganglionic nerves: vagus or pelvic
, 2. inner layer = "circular"
-radius, wraps around the tube: flow
-relax = inc radius
-contract = dec radius
GI layers: submucosa
- correct answer -loose CT tissue, thick layer
-large BV
-Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissues (GALT): large LVs that protect vs. bacteria
-submuscosal plexus: smaller nerves that are between the circular layer and innervate the mucosal layer
GI layer: mucosa
- correct answer three sublayers:
1. muscularis mucosae
-smooth muscle
-shape folds-like an elastic waist band, ridges/folds
2. lamina propria
-CT tissue
-support small vessels and lymph nodes
-thickest layer in mucosa
3. epithelium
-simple/stratified columnar
-enterocytes
-enteroendocrine
-mucous producing cells
