BIO 351 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
po po po po po po
ANSWERS 2025/2026 po
When poand powhere poare pocardioprogenitors pospecified? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Cardioprogenitors
poare pospecified poduring poearly poembryogenesis poin pothe posplanchnic pomesoderm, powhich pois
poderived pofrom pothe polateral poplate pomesoderm, poand pois poknown poas pothe pocardiogenic pofield poor
pocardiogenic pomesoderm.
What podoes pothe poprimary poheart pofield poform? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-The poprimary poheart pofield
poforms pothe poinitial poscaffold poand poeventually pothe poventricle. poThe posecondary poheart pofield
pocontinues poto pocreate pocells poand poforms poall pothe poother postructures.
What pois pothe posplanchnic pomesoderm? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-The posplanchnic pomesoderm pois
pothe polayer pothat poforms pothe pocirculatory posystem poand pothe pofuture pogut powall. poCardiogenic pocells
poare poalso poformed pofrom pothis polayer.
Where podoes pocardiac poprimordia poarise pofrom? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-The posplanchnic pomesoderm.
What pois polinked poto pothe poventral poclosure poof pothe poembryo? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Migration poof
pothe pocardiac poprimordia poan poformation poof pothe polinear poheart.
What pois poinduced poby porapid pogrowth poof pothe poneural potube poand posomites? po- poCORRECT poANSWER
po-Ventral poclosure.
What pois pothe poheart podefect poDextrocardia? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-This pois powhere pothe poheart
polies poon pothe poright poside poof pothe pothorax pobecause poit polooped poto pothe powrong poside.
What poother podefect pocan pocause pothe poheart poto pobe polooped pothe powrong poway? po- poCORRECT
poANSWER po-Situs poinversus, powhich pocauses pocomplete poasymmetry poof poall poorgans powithin pothe
pobody.
,What pois pothe poheart podefect poHeterotaxy? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-This pois powhere pothe poheart pois
polocated poon pothe poright poside poof pothe pochest poinstead poof pothe poleft poside. poThis pois porandom poand
pousually pofatal.
How poare pothe pochambers poof pothe poheart pocreated poafter polooping? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-
Endocardial pocushions poform poon pothe podorsal poand poventral powalls poof poAV pocanal, powhich pothen pomeet
poand poseparate pothe poAV pocanal pointo pothe poright poand poleft pochannels poand poact poas poprimitive
povalves pofor pothe poheart.
How pocan pomalformations poof pothe poendocardial pocushions poaffect pothe poheart? po- poCORRECT
poANSWER po-This pocan polead poto poatrial poand poventricular poseptal podefects, poabnormal potransposition
poin pothe pogreat povessels, poand podefects pooften poassociated powith pocraniofacial podefects.
When poblood poflows pofrom pothe pobody poto pothe poheart po(via pothe posuperior poand poinferior povena
pocava), powhat pois pothe pocorrect poorder poof poflow powithin pothe poheart? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Right
poatrium, poright poventricle, populmonary poartery
Mutations poin pohuman poTBX5 polead poto poa podisorder pocalled poHolt-Oram posyndrome. poWhich poof pothe
pofollowing powould poyou poexpect poto pothe poprimary podefects poof pothis podisorder pobased poon poits
podevelopmental pofunction? po -
CORRECT poANSWER po-Upper polimb poand poheart poventricular podefects. poTbx5 pois porequired poboth pofor
podetermination poof pothe poupper polimbs poand pofor poventricular poformation.
From powhich poembryonic pogerm polayer podoes pothe polung poprimordium poemerge? po- poCORRECT
poANSWER po- poEndoderm
What postructures poin pothe polung poare pothe polast poto pobe poformed poduring poembryonic podevelopment? po-
poCORRECT poANSWER po-Alevolar posacs po(1st pois potrachea, po2nd pois pobronchi, po3rd pois pobronchioles)
What pois pounique poabout poan poamphibian's poheart? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-It pois pothree
pochambered powith pothere poonly pobeing poone poventricle, powhere podeoxygenated poblood pofrom pothe
poright poatrium pomixes powith pooxygenated poblood pofrom pothe polungs.
,How poare pobird poand pomammal pohearts podifferent pofrom poamphibian pohearts? po- poCORRECT poANSWER
po-Birds poand pomammals pohave poa pofour-chambered poheart powith pocomplete poseparation poof pothe
podeoxygenated poblood pogoing poto pothe polungs poand pothe pooxygenated poblood pofrom pothe polungs
pogoing poto pothe pobody.
In poan podeveloping poembryo poheart po(day po21), poname powhat poeach popart, pofrom poanterior poto
poposterior, powill poeventually poform poin poa pomature poheart po(newborn). po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-From
potop poto pobottom: poAortic posac, poconotruncal, poright poventricle, poleft poventricle, poright poatrium, poleft
poatrium, poatrioventricular po(AV)
valve
What podefect poresults pofrom pofailure poof pothe poseptum poto poseparate pothe poventricle? po- poCORRECT
poANSWER po- poVentricular poSeptal poDefect po(VSD). poThis poleads poto pomixing poof poarterial poand povenous
poblood pooccurs poin poboth pooutflow potracts pobut poespecially poin pothe populmonary poartery.
What pogenes poregulate pothe poformation poof poa po4-chambered poheart? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Tbx5,
powhich, poin pomammals, pois poinitially poexpressed poin pothe poentire poventricular poprimordial poheart
pofield poand pothen polater pobecomes porestricted poto pothe poright poatrium po(RA), poleft poatrium po(LA), poand
poleft poventricle po(LV).
What podoes porestricting poTbx5 poexpression polead poto? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-This poleads poto
poformation poof pothe poright poventricle poin poa pofour-chambered poheart. poIf poexpression pois ponot
porestricited, poa pothree-chambered poheart pois pocreated.
Where podo pothe posepta pothat poseparate pothe potruncus poarteriosus pointo pothe populmonary poartery poand
poaorta poform pofrom? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-They poform pofrom pocells poof pothe pocardiac poneural
pocrest.
How podoes poformation poof pothe polung pobud pobegin? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-The polung pobud pobegins
poas poan pooutpouching pofrom pothe poforegut, poforming pothe poesophagus poand potrachea.
What pois pothe pohomologous postructure poof polungs poin pothe poteleost po(fish)? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-
The poswim pobladder
, What poare posome popotential pooutcomes poin polung pobud podevelopment podefects? po- poCORRECT
poANSWER po- poSeparation poof pothe potrachea poand poesophagus podoes ponot pooccur pocorrectly. poThis
pomeans pothe potwo poare poeither poattached poin posome poway poof pothe potube poof poeach podoes ponot pofully
poform.
What poorder po[from pofirst pocreated poto polast pocreated] podoes pobranching pomorphogenesis pooccurs? po-
poCORRECT poANSWER po-Trachea, pobronchi, pobronchioles, poalveolar posacs
How pomany polung pobud polobes poare pocreated poin pohumans? poIn poa pomouse? po- poCORRECT poANSWER
po-For pohumans, pothere poare pofive pototal: po2 poleft polobes poand po3 poright polobes. poFor poa pomouse, pothere
poare poalso pofive: po1 poleft polobe poand po4 poright polobes.
What poare pothe popurposes poof poType poI poand poType poII poalveolar pocells? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Type poI
poalveolar pocells poflatten poand poenable pogreater pogas poexchange. poType poII poregenerate poor poform
poType poI pocells.
What poprogenitor pocells podo poeach poof pothese pocreate? poBasal pocells? poClara pocells? poType poII pocells? po-
poCORRECT poANSWER po-Basal poCells po= poBronchi poProgenitor poCells
Clara poCells po= poBrionchiole poProgenitor poCells
Type poII poCells po= poAlveolar poProgenitor poCells
po
The poprogenitor pocells poin pothe poalveoli poare po and pothe poprogenitor pocells pofor pothe
pobronchioles poare po . po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Type poII poCells,
poClara poCells
What pois poPatent poDuctus poArteriosus? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Patent poductus poarteriosus po(PDA)
pois poa pocondition poin powhich pothe poductus poarteriosus podoes ponot poclose. poThe poductus poarteriosus pois
poa poblood povessel pothat poallows poblood poto pogo poaround pothe pobaby's polungs pobefore pobirth.
What pois poPersistent poTruncus poAteriosus po(PTA)? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Persistent potruncus
poarteriosus, poalso poknown poas poCommon poarterial potrunk, pois poa porare poform poof pocongenital poheart
podisease pothat popresents poat
po po po po po po
ANSWERS 2025/2026 po
When poand powhere poare pocardioprogenitors pospecified? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Cardioprogenitors
poare pospecified poduring poearly poembryogenesis poin pothe posplanchnic pomesoderm, powhich pois
poderived pofrom pothe polateral poplate pomesoderm, poand pois poknown poas pothe pocardiogenic pofield poor
pocardiogenic pomesoderm.
What podoes pothe poprimary poheart pofield poform? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-The poprimary poheart pofield
poforms pothe poinitial poscaffold poand poeventually pothe poventricle. poThe posecondary poheart pofield
pocontinues poto pocreate pocells poand poforms poall pothe poother postructures.
What pois pothe posplanchnic pomesoderm? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-The posplanchnic pomesoderm pois
pothe polayer pothat poforms pothe pocirculatory posystem poand pothe pofuture pogut powall. poCardiogenic pocells
poare poalso poformed pofrom pothis polayer.
Where podoes pocardiac poprimordia poarise pofrom? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-The posplanchnic pomesoderm.
What pois polinked poto pothe poventral poclosure poof pothe poembryo? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Migration poof
pothe pocardiac poprimordia poan poformation poof pothe polinear poheart.
What pois poinduced poby porapid pogrowth poof pothe poneural potube poand posomites? po- poCORRECT poANSWER
po-Ventral poclosure.
What pois pothe poheart podefect poDextrocardia? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-This pois powhere pothe poheart
polies poon pothe poright poside poof pothe pothorax pobecause poit polooped poto pothe powrong poside.
What poother podefect pocan pocause pothe poheart poto pobe polooped pothe powrong poway? po- poCORRECT
poANSWER po-Situs poinversus, powhich pocauses pocomplete poasymmetry poof poall poorgans powithin pothe
pobody.
,What pois pothe poheart podefect poHeterotaxy? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-This pois powhere pothe poheart pois
polocated poon pothe poright poside poof pothe pochest poinstead poof pothe poleft poside. poThis pois porandom poand
pousually pofatal.
How poare pothe pochambers poof pothe poheart pocreated poafter polooping? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-
Endocardial pocushions poform poon pothe podorsal poand poventral powalls poof poAV pocanal, powhich pothen pomeet
poand poseparate pothe poAV pocanal pointo pothe poright poand poleft pochannels poand poact poas poprimitive
povalves pofor pothe poheart.
How pocan pomalformations poof pothe poendocardial pocushions poaffect pothe poheart? po- poCORRECT
poANSWER po-This pocan polead poto poatrial poand poventricular poseptal podefects, poabnormal potransposition
poin pothe pogreat povessels, poand podefects pooften poassociated powith pocraniofacial podefects.
When poblood poflows pofrom pothe pobody poto pothe poheart po(via pothe posuperior poand poinferior povena
pocava), powhat pois pothe pocorrect poorder poof poflow powithin pothe poheart? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Right
poatrium, poright poventricle, populmonary poartery
Mutations poin pohuman poTBX5 polead poto poa podisorder pocalled poHolt-Oram posyndrome. poWhich poof pothe
pofollowing powould poyou poexpect poto pothe poprimary podefects poof pothis podisorder pobased poon poits
podevelopmental pofunction? po -
CORRECT poANSWER po-Upper polimb poand poheart poventricular podefects. poTbx5 pois porequired poboth pofor
podetermination poof pothe poupper polimbs poand pofor poventricular poformation.
From powhich poembryonic pogerm polayer podoes pothe polung poprimordium poemerge? po- poCORRECT
poANSWER po- poEndoderm
What postructures poin pothe polung poare pothe polast poto pobe poformed poduring poembryonic podevelopment? po-
poCORRECT poANSWER po-Alevolar posacs po(1st pois potrachea, po2nd pois pobronchi, po3rd pois pobronchioles)
What pois pounique poabout poan poamphibian's poheart? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-It pois pothree
pochambered powith pothere poonly pobeing poone poventricle, powhere podeoxygenated poblood pofrom pothe
poright poatrium pomixes powith pooxygenated poblood pofrom pothe polungs.
,How poare pobird poand pomammal pohearts podifferent pofrom poamphibian pohearts? po- poCORRECT poANSWER
po-Birds poand pomammals pohave poa pofour-chambered poheart powith pocomplete poseparation poof pothe
podeoxygenated poblood pogoing poto pothe polungs poand pothe pooxygenated poblood pofrom pothe polungs
pogoing poto pothe pobody.
In poan podeveloping poembryo poheart po(day po21), poname powhat poeach popart, pofrom poanterior poto
poposterior, powill poeventually poform poin poa pomature poheart po(newborn). po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-From
potop poto pobottom: poAortic posac, poconotruncal, poright poventricle, poleft poventricle, poright poatrium, poleft
poatrium, poatrioventricular po(AV)
valve
What podefect poresults pofrom pofailure poof pothe poseptum poto poseparate pothe poventricle? po- poCORRECT
poANSWER po- poVentricular poSeptal poDefect po(VSD). poThis poleads poto pomixing poof poarterial poand povenous
poblood pooccurs poin poboth pooutflow potracts pobut poespecially poin pothe populmonary poartery.
What pogenes poregulate pothe poformation poof poa po4-chambered poheart? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Tbx5,
powhich, poin pomammals, pois poinitially poexpressed poin pothe poentire poventricular poprimordial poheart
pofield poand pothen polater pobecomes porestricted poto pothe poright poatrium po(RA), poleft poatrium po(LA), poand
poleft poventricle po(LV).
What podoes porestricting poTbx5 poexpression polead poto? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-This poleads poto
poformation poof pothe poright poventricle poin poa pofour-chambered poheart. poIf poexpression pois ponot
porestricited, poa pothree-chambered poheart pois pocreated.
Where podo pothe posepta pothat poseparate pothe potruncus poarteriosus pointo pothe populmonary poartery poand
poaorta poform pofrom? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-They poform pofrom pocells poof pothe pocardiac poneural
pocrest.
How podoes poformation poof pothe polung pobud pobegin? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-The polung pobud pobegins
poas poan pooutpouching pofrom pothe poforegut, poforming pothe poesophagus poand potrachea.
What pois pothe pohomologous postructure poof polungs poin pothe poteleost po(fish)? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-
The poswim pobladder
, What poare posome popotential pooutcomes poin polung pobud podevelopment podefects? po- poCORRECT
poANSWER po- poSeparation poof pothe potrachea poand poesophagus podoes ponot pooccur pocorrectly. poThis
pomeans pothe potwo poare poeither poattached poin posome poway poof pothe potube poof poeach podoes ponot pofully
poform.
What poorder po[from pofirst pocreated poto polast pocreated] podoes pobranching pomorphogenesis pooccurs? po-
poCORRECT poANSWER po-Trachea, pobronchi, pobronchioles, poalveolar posacs
How pomany polung pobud polobes poare pocreated poin pohumans? poIn poa pomouse? po- poCORRECT poANSWER
po-For pohumans, pothere poare pofive pototal: po2 poleft polobes poand po3 poright polobes. poFor poa pomouse, pothere
poare poalso pofive: po1 poleft polobe poand po4 poright polobes.
What poare pothe popurposes poof poType poI poand poType poII poalveolar pocells? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Type poI
poalveolar pocells poflatten poand poenable pogreater pogas poexchange. poType poII poregenerate poor poform
poType poI pocells.
What poprogenitor pocells podo poeach poof pothese pocreate? poBasal pocells? poClara pocells? poType poII pocells? po-
poCORRECT poANSWER po-Basal poCells po= poBronchi poProgenitor poCells
Clara poCells po= poBrionchiole poProgenitor poCells
Type poII poCells po= poAlveolar poProgenitor poCells
po
The poprogenitor pocells poin pothe poalveoli poare po and pothe poprogenitor pocells pofor pothe
pobronchioles poare po . po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Type poII poCells,
poClara poCells
What pois poPatent poDuctus poArteriosus? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Patent poductus poarteriosus po(PDA)
pois poa pocondition poin powhich pothe poductus poarteriosus podoes ponot poclose. poThe poductus poarteriosus pois
poa poblood povessel pothat poallows poblood poto pogo poaround pothe pobaby's polungs pobefore pobirth.
What pois poPersistent poTruncus poAteriosus po(PTA)? po- poCORRECT poANSWER po-Persistent potruncus
poarteriosus, poalso poknown poas poCommon poarterial potrunk, pois poa porare poform poof pocongenital poheart
podisease pothat popresents poat
