By Kamal Ahmad LGS OPF
Acids & Bases-OL-Notes
Acid
A compound that produces hydrogen ion (H+1) in water is an acid. e.g. HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 etc.
Ionization/Dissociation of some common acids
Note: H+1 ion is common in aqueous solutions of all acids
Strong Acid
“Strong acids completely ionize in water”. e.g. Important strong acids are HCl (hydrochloric acid), H 2SO4
(sulphuric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid), H3PO4 (phosphoric acid).
Memorize formulae of strong & weak acids
Weak Acid
“Weak acids partially ionize in water”. e.g. Important weak acids are HF(hydrofluoric acid), H 2S (hydrogen
sulfide).
Common Reactions of Acids
Acid + Metal → Salt + H2 (g) Salt is one of the common product
Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + H2O in all these chemical equations
Acid + Metal Hydroxide → Salt + H2O
Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + H2O + CO2(g)
Base
“A substance that reacts with acid to produce salt or salt + water or salt + water + CO2 is called base” so metal
oxides, metal hydroxides and metal carbonates are bases. Remember that metal is not a base.
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, By Kamal Ahmad LGS OPF
Examples
Metal oxides (e.g. Na2O, K2O, CaO, MgO, CuO)
Metal hydroxides (e.g. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Cu(OH)2) and Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH)
Metal carbonates (e.g. Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, MgCO3, CuCO3)
Neutralization reaction
Reaction of an acid with a base, metal oxide, metal hydroxide and metal carbonate, to produce “salt + water”
or “salt + water+ carbon dioxide” is called neutralization reaction.
e.g.
General reactions of neutralization are,
Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + H2O
Acid + Metal Hydroxide → Salt + H2O
Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + H2O + CO2
Alkali
“It is a base that is water-soluble and produces OH-1 ions in water”. e.g. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 and NH4OH etc.
Ionization/Dissociation of alkalis
Common ion in all alkalis = OH-1
Special Alkali
Ammonia (NH3) is another alkali because when it is dissolved in water, it reacts with water to produce NH4+1
and OH-1 ions. Remember that,
NH3 + H2O → NH4+1(aq) + OH-1(aq) NH3 = Ammonia
NH4+1 = Ammonium ion
Strong Alkali
“Strong alkali completely ionizes in water”. e.g. Important strong alkalis are NaOH (Sodium hydroxide), KOH
(Potassium hydroxide), Sr(OH)2 (strontium hydroxide) and Ba(OH)2 (barium hydroxide).
Weak Alkali
“Weak alkali partially ionize in water”. e.g. Important weak alkalis are NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide), NH3
(ammonia), Ca(OH)2 (Calcium hydroxide) Memorize formulae of strong & weak alkali
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Acids & Bases-OL-Notes
Acid
A compound that produces hydrogen ion (H+1) in water is an acid. e.g. HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 etc.
Ionization/Dissociation of some common acids
Note: H+1 ion is common in aqueous solutions of all acids
Strong Acid
“Strong acids completely ionize in water”. e.g. Important strong acids are HCl (hydrochloric acid), H 2SO4
(sulphuric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid), H3PO4 (phosphoric acid).
Memorize formulae of strong & weak acids
Weak Acid
“Weak acids partially ionize in water”. e.g. Important weak acids are HF(hydrofluoric acid), H 2S (hydrogen
sulfide).
Common Reactions of Acids
Acid + Metal → Salt + H2 (g) Salt is one of the common product
Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + H2O in all these chemical equations
Acid + Metal Hydroxide → Salt + H2O
Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + H2O + CO2(g)
Base
“A substance that reacts with acid to produce salt or salt + water or salt + water + CO2 is called base” so metal
oxides, metal hydroxides and metal carbonates are bases. Remember that metal is not a base.
1
, By Kamal Ahmad LGS OPF
Examples
Metal oxides (e.g. Na2O, K2O, CaO, MgO, CuO)
Metal hydroxides (e.g. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Cu(OH)2) and Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH)
Metal carbonates (e.g. Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, MgCO3, CuCO3)
Neutralization reaction
Reaction of an acid with a base, metal oxide, metal hydroxide and metal carbonate, to produce “salt + water”
or “salt + water+ carbon dioxide” is called neutralization reaction.
e.g.
General reactions of neutralization are,
Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + H2O
Acid + Metal Hydroxide → Salt + H2O
Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + H2O + CO2
Alkali
“It is a base that is water-soluble and produces OH-1 ions in water”. e.g. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 and NH4OH etc.
Ionization/Dissociation of alkalis
Common ion in all alkalis = OH-1
Special Alkali
Ammonia (NH3) is another alkali because when it is dissolved in water, it reacts with water to produce NH4+1
and OH-1 ions. Remember that,
NH3 + H2O → NH4+1(aq) + OH-1(aq) NH3 = Ammonia
NH4+1 = Ammonium ion
Strong Alkali
“Strong alkali completely ionizes in water”. e.g. Important strong alkalis are NaOH (Sodium hydroxide), KOH
(Potassium hydroxide), Sr(OH)2 (strontium hydroxide) and Ba(OH)2 (barium hydroxide).
Weak Alkali
“Weak alkali partially ionize in water”. e.g. Important weak alkalis are NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide), NH3
(ammonia), Ca(OH)2 (Calcium hydroxide) Memorize formulae of strong & weak alkali
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