ABO ADVANCED FORMULAS
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Resolving Prism=.
Answer: Vertical = (prism)(sin angle) Horizontal = (prism) (cos angle)
◍ Resultant Prism=.
Answer: The square root of (Vertical prism^2) + (Horizontal prism^2)tan
a=V/H
◍ Shape Factor=.
Answer: 1/1-(T/NxF)T=center thickness in mN= index of refraction of lens
materialF= front base curve
◍ what is "ABO".
Answer: -the first discovered blood group system by Karl Landsteiner-this is
the only blood group where you can predict the antibodies that will be
present in the patient-these are naturally occurring antibodies
◍ how was forward and reverse grouping first tested.
Answer: -first test was performed by landsteiner in 1901-he used blood from
5 associates-he separated the cells from the serum and mixed each cell type
with each serum type-
◍ Power Factor=.
Answer: 1/1-(HxD)H= vertex distance plus 3 mm in mD= Dioptric power
◍ when forward grouping, you use ___________ to detect antigen on
individual red blood cells.
Answer: -commercial antisera-anti-A-anti-B
, ◍ Spectacle Magnification=.
Answer: shape factor x power factor 1/ 1-(T/NxF) x 1/1-(HxD)
◍ Power in Oblique Meridians=.
Answer: Total power = sphere power + cyl power x sin^2 (O)
◍ Snell's Law=.
Answer: N1 sin i = N2 sin rN1= index of refraction of incident medium i=
angle of incidenceN2= index of refraction of refracting mediumr= angle of
refraction
◍ what is reverse grouping?.
Answer: -the detection of ABO antibodies in the patients serum by using
known reagents Red Blood Cells-A1 cells-B cells
◍ what is postulation?.
Answer: -bacteria present in the environment chemically similar to A and B
antigens found on human RBCs-this provides a source of constant exposure
to A-like and B-like antigens-stimulates the production of anti-A and anti-B
◍ Angle of reflection=.
Answer: angle I= angle rI= angle of incidencer= angle of reflection
◍ Angle of incidence=.
Answer: I=r+dI= angle of incidencer= angle of refractiond= deviation
◍ the other defined blood group systems do not have what?.
Answer: -"naturally occurring" antibodies to their antigens on their RBCs-
◍ Index of refraction=.
Answer: Speed of light in a vacuum/Speed of light in the medium
◍ in order to have antibody production of other blood groups, it requires
what?.
Answer: -the introduction of the foreign RBCs by transfucion or pregnancy
◍ serum grouping is unique to which blood group system?.
Answer: -the ABO blood group system
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Resolving Prism=.
Answer: Vertical = (prism)(sin angle) Horizontal = (prism) (cos angle)
◍ Resultant Prism=.
Answer: The square root of (Vertical prism^2) + (Horizontal prism^2)tan
a=V/H
◍ Shape Factor=.
Answer: 1/1-(T/NxF)T=center thickness in mN= index of refraction of lens
materialF= front base curve
◍ what is "ABO".
Answer: -the first discovered blood group system by Karl Landsteiner-this is
the only blood group where you can predict the antibodies that will be
present in the patient-these are naturally occurring antibodies
◍ how was forward and reverse grouping first tested.
Answer: -first test was performed by landsteiner in 1901-he used blood from
5 associates-he separated the cells from the serum and mixed each cell type
with each serum type-
◍ Power Factor=.
Answer: 1/1-(HxD)H= vertex distance plus 3 mm in mD= Dioptric power
◍ when forward grouping, you use ___________ to detect antigen on
individual red blood cells.
Answer: -commercial antisera-anti-A-anti-B
, ◍ Spectacle Magnification=.
Answer: shape factor x power factor 1/ 1-(T/NxF) x 1/1-(HxD)
◍ Power in Oblique Meridians=.
Answer: Total power = sphere power + cyl power x sin^2 (O)
◍ Snell's Law=.
Answer: N1 sin i = N2 sin rN1= index of refraction of incident medium i=
angle of incidenceN2= index of refraction of refracting mediumr= angle of
refraction
◍ what is reverse grouping?.
Answer: -the detection of ABO antibodies in the patients serum by using
known reagents Red Blood Cells-A1 cells-B cells
◍ what is postulation?.
Answer: -bacteria present in the environment chemically similar to A and B
antigens found on human RBCs-this provides a source of constant exposure
to A-like and B-like antigens-stimulates the production of anti-A and anti-B
◍ Angle of reflection=.
Answer: angle I= angle rI= angle of incidencer= angle of reflection
◍ Angle of incidence=.
Answer: I=r+dI= angle of incidencer= angle of refractiond= deviation
◍ the other defined blood group systems do not have what?.
Answer: -"naturally occurring" antibodies to their antigens on their RBCs-
◍ Index of refraction=.
Answer: Speed of light in a vacuum/Speed of light in the medium
◍ in order to have antibody production of other blood groups, it requires
what?.
Answer: -the introduction of the foreign RBCs by transfucion or pregnancy
◍ serum grouping is unique to which blood group system?.
Answer: -the ABO blood group system
