CHM 151 FINAL NAU EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

CHM 151 FINAL NAU EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 SI Base Units - Answers Meter, Kilogram, Second, Kelvin, Mole Meter (m) - Answers Length Kilogram (kg) - Answers Mass Second (s) - Answers Time Kelvin (K) - Answers Temperature Mole (mol) - Answers Amount of Substance 10^3 - Answers Kilo 10^-3 - Answers Milli 10^-6 - Answers Micro 10^-9 - Answers Nano 10^-12 - Answers Pico 10^-2 - Answers Centi 10^6 - Answers Mega Mixture - Answers Two or more substances Homogeneous - Answers Like throughout Heterogeneous - Answers See the different components Molcule - Answers Two or more atoms Size variation of solids, liquid, and gas - Answers Gasses are substantially smaller than liquid & solids Physical Change - Answers Identity of a substance is preserved even though it may have changed its physical state or gross size or shape of its pieces Chemical Change - Answers One or more substances (the reactants) are transformed into one or more different substances Elements are composed of - Answers Atoms All atoms of given element are... - Answers Identical having same size, mass, and chemical properties The atoms of one element... - Answers are different from the atoms of all other elements Compounds are composed of... - Answers Atoms of more than one element Daltons Atomic Theory: - Answers -Elements are composed of atoms -All atoms of given element are identical -Atoms of one element are different from atoms of another element -Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element -Chemical reaction involves separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms.. not create or destroy Protons - Answers +1 charge Neutrons - Answers 0 charge Electrons - Answers -1 charge What defines an element - Answers Protons Atomic Number - Answers Number of protons in nucleus Mass Number - Answers Total number of neutrons and protons present Ion - Answers Charged species formed from a neutral atom or molecule when electrons are gained or lost as a result of chemical change Cation - Answers Ion with a net positive charge Anion - Answers Ion with a net negative charge First column of periodic table - Answers Alkali Metals Second column of periodic table - Answers Alkali Earth Metals Right before the halogens on the periodic table - Answers Halogens Last column of the periodic table - Answers Noble Gases Covalent Bonds - Answers Sharing electrons Molecular Formula - Answers Exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of each substance Empirical Formula - Answers Which elements are present and the simplest whole-number ratio of their atoms Moleclar - Answers Nonmetals (covalent bonding) Ionic - Answers Metal & Nonmetal Percent composition - Answers By mass is the percent by mass of each element in a compound Stichiometry - Answers Quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reaction Theoretical Yield - Answers Amount of product produced if all reactants is converted to products Actual yield - Answers Amount of product actually obtained from a reaction Limiting Reactant - Answers One of the reactants will be used up first Solution - Answers A homogenous mixture of two or more substances Solute - Answers The substances present in a smaller amount Solvent - Answers The substance present in a larger amount Aqueous Solution - Answers Solvent is water Dilution - Answers Procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one Hydration - Answers Process in which an ion or molecule is surrounded by water molecules in a specific manner Acid - Answers H+ donor Base - Answers H+ acceptor Strong Acids: - Answers HCl, HBr, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4 HCl - Answers Hydrochloric Acid HBr - Answers Hydrobromic Acid HI - Answers Hydroiodic Acid HNO3 - Answers Nitric Acid H2SO4 - Answers Sulfuric Acid HClO4 - Answers Perchloric Acid Strong bases - Answers NaOH, LiOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 NaOH - Answers Sodium Hydroxide LiOH - Answers Lithium Hydroxide KOH - Answers Potassium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 - Answers Calcium Hydroxide Ba(OH)2 - Answers Barium Hydroxide Weak Base - Answers NH3 (ammonia) COOH - Answers Carboxyl Group... Weak acid Strong Bases - Answers -Completely dissociates when dissolved in water -Soluble hydroxide salts -Alkali metals hydroxides and Ba(OH)2 Weak bases - Answers Only partially ionize in water Neutralization Reaction - Answers Reaction between an acid and base Precipitate - Answers Reactions resulting in formation of insoluble product Solubility - Answers The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in given quantity of solvent at specific temperature Molecular Equation - Answers Formulas of the compounds are written as though all species exist as molecules Ionic Equation - Answers Species that dissociate predominantly into ions are shown as free ions Net Ionic - Answers Shows only species that actually take part in the reaction Spectator Ions - Answers Ions that are not involved in the overall reaction Energy - Answers Capacity to do work Thermal Energy - Answers Energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules Chemical Energy - Answers Stored within structural units of chemical substances Heat - Answers Transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures Temperature - Answers Measure of how hot or cold a substance is relative to another substance System - Answers Specific part of the universe that we are interested in Surroundings - Answers Rest of the universe outside the system Exothermic Process - Answers Any process that gives off heat--transfers thermal energy to the surroundings Endothermic Process - Answers Heat has been supplied to the system by surroundings-- absorbs heat Ethalpy - Answers Heat flow into or out of a system in constant-pressure process Specific Heat - Answers Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius Atomic size/radius - Answers Across=decrease Down=increase Ionization Energy - Answers Across=Increase