BIOD 151 FINAL EXAM VERSION 1 2 2026
ESSENTIAL HUMAN ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY I PORTAGE LEARNING
ASSURED SUCCESS GRADED A+
⩥ What is superior v inferior?
Answer: toward the head (above) v away from the head (below)
⩥ What is ventral v dorsal?
Answer: front (anterior) v back (posterior)
⩥ What is medial v lateral?
Answer: toward the midline of the body v away from the midline of the
body
⩥ What is proximal v distal?
Answer: close to the point of attachment v farther from point of
attachment
⩥ What is deep v superficial?
Answer: away from the body surface v toward the body surface
,⩥ What is flexion v extension?
Answer: closing of a joint v opening of a joint
⩥ what is ABduction v ADDuction?
Answer: movement away from midline v movement toward midline
⩥ What is dorsiflexion v plantarflexion?
Answer: toes up v toes down
⩥ What is pronation v supination?
Answer: palms up/foot lateral v palms down/foot medial
⩥ What is elevation v depression?
Answer: upward movement of a structure v downward movement of a
structure
⩥ What is retraction v protraction?
Answer: movement of a structure drawn backward v movement of a
structure drawn forward
⩥ Describe anatomical position
Answer: Standing upright with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward
and thumbs facing away from the body
,⩥ What is the sagittal plane?
Answer: divides body into left and right (midsagittal is equal parts)
⩥ What are frontal planes?
Answer: divides body into front and back
⩥ What is a transverse plane?
Answer: divides the body into superior and inferior parts
⩥ What lies within the dorsal cavity?
Answer: the cranial cavity, the spinal cavity, pelvic cavity
⩥ What lies within the ventral body cavity?
Answer: thoracic cavity, pleural cavity, thoracic cavity, pericardial
cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
⩥ What is serosa?
Answer: membrane that lines the ventral body cavity and the outer
surface of the organs
⩥ What is pleurisy?
, Answer: inflammation of the pleurae
⩥ What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?
Answer: R/L hypochondriac, epigastric, R/L lumbar, umbilical, R/L
hypogastric, hypogastric
⩥ Why do cells need to remain relatively small?
Answer: Because as the cell expands, the amount of surface area relative
to volume decreases. The smaller cell is more active when its surface
area, relative to its volume, is bigger
⩥ What are the three characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
Answer: smaller than eukaryotic, DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear
membrane, do not contain many of the internal membrane-bound
organelles that eukaryotic cells have
⩥ What parts of a prokaryotic cell can be labeled?
Answer: capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes,
plasmid, pili, bacterial flagellum, nucleoid
⩥ What is the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
Answer: surrounded by a nuclear membrane and contains DNA. Serves
as the control enter of the cell
ESSENTIAL HUMAN ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY I PORTAGE LEARNING
ASSURED SUCCESS GRADED A+
⩥ What is superior v inferior?
Answer: toward the head (above) v away from the head (below)
⩥ What is ventral v dorsal?
Answer: front (anterior) v back (posterior)
⩥ What is medial v lateral?
Answer: toward the midline of the body v away from the midline of the
body
⩥ What is proximal v distal?
Answer: close to the point of attachment v farther from point of
attachment
⩥ What is deep v superficial?
Answer: away from the body surface v toward the body surface
,⩥ What is flexion v extension?
Answer: closing of a joint v opening of a joint
⩥ what is ABduction v ADDuction?
Answer: movement away from midline v movement toward midline
⩥ What is dorsiflexion v plantarflexion?
Answer: toes up v toes down
⩥ What is pronation v supination?
Answer: palms up/foot lateral v palms down/foot medial
⩥ What is elevation v depression?
Answer: upward movement of a structure v downward movement of a
structure
⩥ What is retraction v protraction?
Answer: movement of a structure drawn backward v movement of a
structure drawn forward
⩥ Describe anatomical position
Answer: Standing upright with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward
and thumbs facing away from the body
,⩥ What is the sagittal plane?
Answer: divides body into left and right (midsagittal is equal parts)
⩥ What are frontal planes?
Answer: divides body into front and back
⩥ What is a transverse plane?
Answer: divides the body into superior and inferior parts
⩥ What lies within the dorsal cavity?
Answer: the cranial cavity, the spinal cavity, pelvic cavity
⩥ What lies within the ventral body cavity?
Answer: thoracic cavity, pleural cavity, thoracic cavity, pericardial
cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
⩥ What is serosa?
Answer: membrane that lines the ventral body cavity and the outer
surface of the organs
⩥ What is pleurisy?
, Answer: inflammation of the pleurae
⩥ What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?
Answer: R/L hypochondriac, epigastric, R/L lumbar, umbilical, R/L
hypogastric, hypogastric
⩥ Why do cells need to remain relatively small?
Answer: Because as the cell expands, the amount of surface area relative
to volume decreases. The smaller cell is more active when its surface
area, relative to its volume, is bigger
⩥ What are the three characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
Answer: smaller than eukaryotic, DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear
membrane, do not contain many of the internal membrane-bound
organelles that eukaryotic cells have
⩥ What parts of a prokaryotic cell can be labeled?
Answer: capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes,
plasmid, pili, bacterial flagellum, nucleoid
⩥ What is the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
Answer: surrounded by a nuclear membrane and contains DNA. Serves
as the control enter of the cell
