BIOD 151 FINAL PAPER VERSION 1 2 2026
HUMAN ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ What is aspiration?
Answer: When food/liquid enters the trachea
⩥ Describe the process of swallowing
Answer: 1) the larynx rises and the trachea is closed by the epiglottis.
The epiglottis moves inferiorly to cover the trachea to prevent food or
liquid from entering the lungs. 2) a posterior and superior movement of
the soft palate covers the entrance of the nasal passages that prevents
food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing. Food
then enters the esophagus
⩥ What is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?
Answer: alveoli, respiratory bronchioles
⩥ How do oxygen and Co2 move from the lungs into the blood?
Answer: based on a concentration gradient. When the concentration of
CO2 is high in the blood, it moves to the lungs to be expelled. When the
concentration of oxygen in the lungs is high, it moves into the blood for
bodily distribution
,⩥ Why are cilia important in the respiratory tract?
Answer: helps keep the tract free of debris
⩥ What is surfactant?
Answer: covers the luminal surface and keeps alveoli from sticking
together during exhalation; without surfactant the alveoli cannot
maintain their shape making gas exchange difficult
⩥ What are the major types of alveolar cells?
Answer: 1) Type 1 alveolar cells - make up about 95% of cells, simple
thin squamous layer 2) makes up 5% of cells, divides and replaces
damaged T1 cells and produces surfactant 3) macrophages act as
immune defense to rid of bacterial viruses through cough or sneezing
⩥ What are the steps of respiration?
Answer: breathing (inspiration, expiration), external respiration, internal
respiration, aerobic cellular respiration
⩥ What happens during ventilation?
Answer: the rib cage lifts superiorly and anteriorly to open up and
expand the lungs, the diaphragm is flattened as it contracts to pull lungs
open. As lung volume increases, density decreases and creates a negative
pressure environment (air pressure outside than inside) and air naturally
, flows out of the lungs. The rib cage is lowered, the diaphragm rises and
pressure increases.
⩥ What is incomplete ventilation?
Answer: lungs do not completely empty during the breathing cycle to
help conserve water and maintain a constant temperature
⩥ What is hemoglobin?
Answer: Oxygen enters the blood and combines with hemoglobin to
form oxyhemoglobin. In tissues, carbon dioxide combines with
hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin to help expel carbon dioxide.
⩥ How is most of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
Answer: in the form of bicarbonate ion
⩥ What is boyle's law?
Answer: gas is inversely proportional to its volume (higher pressure in a
lower volume)
⩥ What is charle's law?
Answer: volume of gas is directly proportional to temperature
⩥ What is Dalton's law?
HUMAN ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ What is aspiration?
Answer: When food/liquid enters the trachea
⩥ Describe the process of swallowing
Answer: 1) the larynx rises and the trachea is closed by the epiglottis.
The epiglottis moves inferiorly to cover the trachea to prevent food or
liquid from entering the lungs. 2) a posterior and superior movement of
the soft palate covers the entrance of the nasal passages that prevents
food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing. Food
then enters the esophagus
⩥ What is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?
Answer: alveoli, respiratory bronchioles
⩥ How do oxygen and Co2 move from the lungs into the blood?
Answer: based on a concentration gradient. When the concentration of
CO2 is high in the blood, it moves to the lungs to be expelled. When the
concentration of oxygen in the lungs is high, it moves into the blood for
bodily distribution
,⩥ Why are cilia important in the respiratory tract?
Answer: helps keep the tract free of debris
⩥ What is surfactant?
Answer: covers the luminal surface and keeps alveoli from sticking
together during exhalation; without surfactant the alveoli cannot
maintain their shape making gas exchange difficult
⩥ What are the major types of alveolar cells?
Answer: 1) Type 1 alveolar cells - make up about 95% of cells, simple
thin squamous layer 2) makes up 5% of cells, divides and replaces
damaged T1 cells and produces surfactant 3) macrophages act as
immune defense to rid of bacterial viruses through cough or sneezing
⩥ What are the steps of respiration?
Answer: breathing (inspiration, expiration), external respiration, internal
respiration, aerobic cellular respiration
⩥ What happens during ventilation?
Answer: the rib cage lifts superiorly and anteriorly to open up and
expand the lungs, the diaphragm is flattened as it contracts to pull lungs
open. As lung volume increases, density decreases and creates a negative
pressure environment (air pressure outside than inside) and air naturally
, flows out of the lungs. The rib cage is lowered, the diaphragm rises and
pressure increases.
⩥ What is incomplete ventilation?
Answer: lungs do not completely empty during the breathing cycle to
help conserve water and maintain a constant temperature
⩥ What is hemoglobin?
Answer: Oxygen enters the blood and combines with hemoglobin to
form oxyhemoglobin. In tissues, carbon dioxide combines with
hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin to help expel carbon dioxide.
⩥ How is most of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
Answer: in the form of bicarbonate ion
⩥ What is boyle's law?
Answer: gas is inversely proportional to its volume (higher pressure in a
lower volume)
⩥ What is charle's law?
Answer: volume of gas is directly proportional to temperature
⩥ What is Dalton's law?
