BIOD 171 ESSENTIAL MICROBIOLOGY
FINAL COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
2026 FULL ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Endotoxins.
Answer: When a bacterial cell dies (from the presence of antibiotics) the
cell membrane (since it is GRAM NEGATIVE, THE OUTTER
PORTION AROUND THE PEPTOGLYCIAN) is destroyed, and sends
out toxins during its death.
These toxins are sourced from the LIPID portion of the membrane.
Causes symptoms of a sickness to get worse, but they will soon get
better after the toxins are eliminated.
They can induce a miscarriage.
⩥ Exotoxin.
Answer: Source - Gram +
Relation to microbe - by products of growing cell
Chemistry - Protein molecule
Fever? No
Neutralized by antitoxin? Yes
,LD(subscript) 50- Small amounts to make reaction
⩥ Endotoxin
Answer: Source: Gram -
Relation to Microbe - Outer membrane
Chemistry - Lipid A
Fever? Yes
Neutralized by Antitoxin? No (causes blood clotting)
LD(subscript) 50? Relatively large, not as potent
⩥ Cytopathic Effects
Answer: Visible effects of viral infection (the visible effects are within
the cell)
1) Stops mitosis
2)Inclusion bodies
⩥ Inclusion bodies
Answer: Granules found in cytoplasm or nucleus of some infected cells.
These granuels make up the assembled parts of a viron
⩥ Cytocidal Effects
, Answer: Kills host cell
⩥ Non-Cytocidal Effects
Answer: Doesn't kill the host cell, but does greatly damage it
"Cyto" = Cell
"Cidal" = Kill
⩥ Ergot Toxin
Answer: Comes from a Fungi
Creates hallucinations and affects blow circulation
similar to LSD
⩥ Aflatoxin
Answer: Toxin of a Fungi that grows on plants
Found on peanut plants
Can be found in peanut butter
FINAL COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
2026 FULL ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Endotoxins.
Answer: When a bacterial cell dies (from the presence of antibiotics) the
cell membrane (since it is GRAM NEGATIVE, THE OUTTER
PORTION AROUND THE PEPTOGLYCIAN) is destroyed, and sends
out toxins during its death.
These toxins are sourced from the LIPID portion of the membrane.
Causes symptoms of a sickness to get worse, but they will soon get
better after the toxins are eliminated.
They can induce a miscarriage.
⩥ Exotoxin.
Answer: Source - Gram +
Relation to microbe - by products of growing cell
Chemistry - Protein molecule
Fever? No
Neutralized by antitoxin? Yes
,LD(subscript) 50- Small amounts to make reaction
⩥ Endotoxin
Answer: Source: Gram -
Relation to Microbe - Outer membrane
Chemistry - Lipid A
Fever? Yes
Neutralized by Antitoxin? No (causes blood clotting)
LD(subscript) 50? Relatively large, not as potent
⩥ Cytopathic Effects
Answer: Visible effects of viral infection (the visible effects are within
the cell)
1) Stops mitosis
2)Inclusion bodies
⩥ Inclusion bodies
Answer: Granules found in cytoplasm or nucleus of some infected cells.
These granuels make up the assembled parts of a viron
⩥ Cytocidal Effects
, Answer: Kills host cell
⩥ Non-Cytocidal Effects
Answer: Doesn't kill the host cell, but does greatly damage it
"Cyto" = Cell
"Cidal" = Kill
⩥ Ergot Toxin
Answer: Comes from a Fungi
Creates hallucinations and affects blow circulation
similar to LSD
⩥ Aflatoxin
Answer: Toxin of a Fungi that grows on plants
Found on peanut plants
Can be found in peanut butter
