URINARY AND BOWEL LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Urosepsis - ✔✔When a bladder infection gets so bad that it goes into the
bloodstream.
✔✔Dysuria - ✔✔painful urination
✔✔Oliguria - ✔✔diminished urine production due to low fluid intake
✔✔Cystitis - ✔✔irritation of the bladder
✔✔CAUTI - ✔✔catheter associated urinary tract infection
✔✔Urinary diversion - ✔✔Diversion of urine to external source. Urinary diversions are
constructed from a section of intestine to create a reservoir or conduit for urine.
Diversions can be temporary or permanent
✔✔Nephrostomy Tubes - ✔✔Small tubes tunneled through the skin into the renal pelvis
placed to drain the renal pelvis when the ureter is obstructed. No sensation or control.
✔✔What technique is used when cleaning the urinary tract? - ✔✔Sterile because the
urinary tract is sterile
✔✔What is done during the assessment of urine? - ✔✔Measuring the patient's fluid
intake and urinary output, and observing the characteristics of the urine
✔✔What changes the color of urine? - ✔✔Certain foods and medication
✔✔What changes urines color to orange? - ✔✔Phenazopyridine/Pyridium
✔✔What can cause a child to have difficulty urinating? - ✔✔When their is the presence
of another person other than the child's parent
✔✔What is the first sign of kidney failure? - ✔✔When the patient cannot void more than
30 mL of urine an hour
✔✔Table 46-4 (page 1113) - ✔✔Routine Urinalysis
✔✔pH average range in urine - ✔✔4.6-8.0
✔✔Protein average range in urine - ✔✔8mg/100mL
✔✔Glucose in urine - ✔✔not present typically in urine
, ✔✔Ketones in urine - ✔✔not present typically in urine
✔✔Blood in urine - ✔✔not present typically in urine
✔✔Gravity in urine - ✔✔1.0053-1.030
✔✔Microscopic examination RBC - ✔✔up to 2
✔✔WBC - ✔✔0-4 per low power field
✔✔Bacteria in urine - ✔✔not normally present
✔✔Urinary Catheterization - ✔✔The placement of a tube through the urethra into the
bladder to drain urine
✔✔What technique is used when placing a catheter? - ✔✔Sterile
✔✔"Inserting and Removing a Straight (Intermittent) or Indwelling Catheter" - ✔✔page
1131
✔✔What is the size of a urinary catheter based off of? - ✔✔The French scale (Fr)
✔✔What is the average size of an adult urinary catheter? - ✔✔14-16 Fr
✔✔Indwelling catheter - ✔✔Attached to a urinary drainage bag to collect the continuous
flow of urine. The drainage system should not be separated unless absolutely
necessary to avoid introducing pathogens
✔✔Where should a urinary drainage bag be placed? - ✔✔Below the patients bladder
✔✔What is a major part of routine catheter care? - ✔✔Reducing the risk for CAUTI.
Correct foley care consists of washing the perineum with mild soap and water
✔✔Fact about removing an indwelling catheter - ✔✔Prompt removal of an indwelling
catheter after it is no longer needed is a key intervention that has proven to decrease
the incidence and prevalence of hospital-acquired urinary tract infection
✔✔Pelvic floor muscle training - ✔✔The training involves teaching patients how to
identify and contract the pelvic floor muscles in a structured exercise program.
✔✔What exercise program is used when exercising the pelvic floor muscle? - ✔✔Kegel
exercises. The exercises work by increasing the pressure within the urethra by
strengthening the pelvic floor muscles and inhibiting unwanted bladder contractions.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Urosepsis - ✔✔When a bladder infection gets so bad that it goes into the
bloodstream.
✔✔Dysuria - ✔✔painful urination
✔✔Oliguria - ✔✔diminished urine production due to low fluid intake
✔✔Cystitis - ✔✔irritation of the bladder
✔✔CAUTI - ✔✔catheter associated urinary tract infection
✔✔Urinary diversion - ✔✔Diversion of urine to external source. Urinary diversions are
constructed from a section of intestine to create a reservoir or conduit for urine.
Diversions can be temporary or permanent
✔✔Nephrostomy Tubes - ✔✔Small tubes tunneled through the skin into the renal pelvis
placed to drain the renal pelvis when the ureter is obstructed. No sensation or control.
✔✔What technique is used when cleaning the urinary tract? - ✔✔Sterile because the
urinary tract is sterile
✔✔What is done during the assessment of urine? - ✔✔Measuring the patient's fluid
intake and urinary output, and observing the characteristics of the urine
✔✔What changes the color of urine? - ✔✔Certain foods and medication
✔✔What changes urines color to orange? - ✔✔Phenazopyridine/Pyridium
✔✔What can cause a child to have difficulty urinating? - ✔✔When their is the presence
of another person other than the child's parent
✔✔What is the first sign of kidney failure? - ✔✔When the patient cannot void more than
30 mL of urine an hour
✔✔Table 46-4 (page 1113) - ✔✔Routine Urinalysis
✔✔pH average range in urine - ✔✔4.6-8.0
✔✔Protein average range in urine - ✔✔8mg/100mL
✔✔Glucose in urine - ✔✔not present typically in urine
, ✔✔Ketones in urine - ✔✔not present typically in urine
✔✔Blood in urine - ✔✔not present typically in urine
✔✔Gravity in urine - ✔✔1.0053-1.030
✔✔Microscopic examination RBC - ✔✔up to 2
✔✔WBC - ✔✔0-4 per low power field
✔✔Bacteria in urine - ✔✔not normally present
✔✔Urinary Catheterization - ✔✔The placement of a tube through the urethra into the
bladder to drain urine
✔✔What technique is used when placing a catheter? - ✔✔Sterile
✔✔"Inserting and Removing a Straight (Intermittent) or Indwelling Catheter" - ✔✔page
1131
✔✔What is the size of a urinary catheter based off of? - ✔✔The French scale (Fr)
✔✔What is the average size of an adult urinary catheter? - ✔✔14-16 Fr
✔✔Indwelling catheter - ✔✔Attached to a urinary drainage bag to collect the continuous
flow of urine. The drainage system should not be separated unless absolutely
necessary to avoid introducing pathogens
✔✔Where should a urinary drainage bag be placed? - ✔✔Below the patients bladder
✔✔What is a major part of routine catheter care? - ✔✔Reducing the risk for CAUTI.
Correct foley care consists of washing the perineum with mild soap and water
✔✔Fact about removing an indwelling catheter - ✔✔Prompt removal of an indwelling
catheter after it is no longer needed is a key intervention that has proven to decrease
the incidence and prevalence of hospital-acquired urinary tract infection
✔✔Pelvic floor muscle training - ✔✔The training involves teaching patients how to
identify and contract the pelvic floor muscles in a structured exercise program.
✔✔What exercise program is used when exercising the pelvic floor muscle? - ✔✔Kegel
exercises. The exercises work by increasing the pressure within the urethra by
strengthening the pelvic floor muscles and inhibiting unwanted bladder contractions.
