RNSG 1538 FINAL ASSESSMENT SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS PACK
●● What is cancer?.
Answer: Group of more than 200 diseases
-characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells
●● Benign tumor characteristics.
Answer: • Well-differentiated (looks like normal cells of that tissue)
• Usually slow to divide
• Encapsulated---does not invade surrounding
• Does not spread by metastasis
●● Malignant tumor characteristics.
Answer: * lack of differentiation (anaplasia)
* growth is disorganized and uncontrolled
* invade surrounding tissues
* can travel to distant sites (metastases)
●● Pathogenesis of metastasis.
,Answer: to produce metastases, tumor cells must detach from the
primary tumor and enter the circulation, survive in the circulatory
system and arrest in the capillary bed, adhere to the capillary basement
membrane, gain entrance into the organ parenchyma, respond to growth
factors, proliferate, and induce angiogenesis, and evade host defenses.
●● Screening/prevention of cancer.
Answer: -mammograms - annually for women over 40
-clinical breast exam - annually for women over 40, every 3 years 20-39
-colonoscopy - at age 50, if normal then every 10 years
-fecal occult blood - annually for all adults over 50
-digital rectal exam - for men over 50 (for prostate cancer)
-screening for gene mutations - those with family hx
-total body skin examination - annually over age 50
●● Types of Breast Cancer.
Answer: Noninvasive:
-ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) Cancer cells are in milk ducts
-Lobular carcinoma in-situ (LCIS)- appears in milk producing glands
Invasive:
-Infiltrating ductal carcinoma - most common tumor arises from duct
system and invades surrounding tissue. Forms a solid mass tumor, skin
,dimpling or edematous thickening and pitting of breast skin (orange
peel)
Rare form of breast cancer - Paget's disease - cancer collects in or
around nipple, spreads to nipple surface and areola - they become scaly,
red and itchy - in 97% of pt's with these symptoms pt had DCIS or
invasive cancer
●● Breast cancer risk factors.
Answer: -genetic: BRCA 1 and 2 mutations
-previous breast cancer
-female >65
-no pregnancies, or pregnancy after age 30
-early or prolonged OCP's (oral contraceptive pill)
-use of HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
-obesity
-1st degree relative with breast cancer
●● **Breast cancer manifestations.
Answer: -changes in appearance, texture, lumps, dimpling, orange peel-
like skin
-tumor: small, irregular, firm, non-tender
-increased vascularity
, -nipple discharge, retraction, ulceration, inversion
-enlarged lymph nodes
●● **Breast cancer diagnostic tests.
Answer: -palpable tumor or lesion
-biopsy
-genetic testing
-mammogram & ultrasound
-MRI - for dense breast tissue
●● **Breast cancer treatments.
Answer: Surgery:
-lumpectomy (DCIS = 1 and only tumor removed)
-partial mastectomy (part of breast removed)
-total mastectomy (breast and lymph nodes removed)
-modified radical mastectomy (breast, lymph nodes and muscle
removed)
Chemotherapy and/or radiation
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (tamoxifen) - used following
surgery as a protective measure for reoccurrence. Can also be used as a
preventative in women who have high risk factors for breast cancer.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS PACK
●● What is cancer?.
Answer: Group of more than 200 diseases
-characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells
●● Benign tumor characteristics.
Answer: • Well-differentiated (looks like normal cells of that tissue)
• Usually slow to divide
• Encapsulated---does not invade surrounding
• Does not spread by metastasis
●● Malignant tumor characteristics.
Answer: * lack of differentiation (anaplasia)
* growth is disorganized and uncontrolled
* invade surrounding tissues
* can travel to distant sites (metastases)
●● Pathogenesis of metastasis.
,Answer: to produce metastases, tumor cells must detach from the
primary tumor and enter the circulation, survive in the circulatory
system and arrest in the capillary bed, adhere to the capillary basement
membrane, gain entrance into the organ parenchyma, respond to growth
factors, proliferate, and induce angiogenesis, and evade host defenses.
●● Screening/prevention of cancer.
Answer: -mammograms - annually for women over 40
-clinical breast exam - annually for women over 40, every 3 years 20-39
-colonoscopy - at age 50, if normal then every 10 years
-fecal occult blood - annually for all adults over 50
-digital rectal exam - for men over 50 (for prostate cancer)
-screening for gene mutations - those with family hx
-total body skin examination - annually over age 50
●● Types of Breast Cancer.
Answer: Noninvasive:
-ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) Cancer cells are in milk ducts
-Lobular carcinoma in-situ (LCIS)- appears in milk producing glands
Invasive:
-Infiltrating ductal carcinoma - most common tumor arises from duct
system and invades surrounding tissue. Forms a solid mass tumor, skin
,dimpling or edematous thickening and pitting of breast skin (orange
peel)
Rare form of breast cancer - Paget's disease - cancer collects in or
around nipple, spreads to nipple surface and areola - they become scaly,
red and itchy - in 97% of pt's with these symptoms pt had DCIS or
invasive cancer
●● Breast cancer risk factors.
Answer: -genetic: BRCA 1 and 2 mutations
-previous breast cancer
-female >65
-no pregnancies, or pregnancy after age 30
-early or prolonged OCP's (oral contraceptive pill)
-use of HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
-obesity
-1st degree relative with breast cancer
●● **Breast cancer manifestations.
Answer: -changes in appearance, texture, lumps, dimpling, orange peel-
like skin
-tumor: small, irregular, firm, non-tender
-increased vascularity
, -nipple discharge, retraction, ulceration, inversion
-enlarged lymph nodes
●● **Breast cancer diagnostic tests.
Answer: -palpable tumor or lesion
-biopsy
-genetic testing
-mammogram & ultrasound
-MRI - for dense breast tissue
●● **Breast cancer treatments.
Answer: Surgery:
-lumpectomy (DCIS = 1 and only tumor removed)
-partial mastectomy (part of breast removed)
-total mastectomy (breast and lymph nodes removed)
-modified radical mastectomy (breast, lymph nodes and muscle
removed)
Chemotherapy and/or radiation
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (tamoxifen) - used following
surgery as a protective measure for reoccurrence. Can also be used as a
preventative in women who have high risk factors for breast cancer.
