C206 EXAM STUDY GUIDE
stakeholder - Answers - any person or group with a stake in the issue at hand
descriptive - Answers - the approach to ethical decision making focuses on how people
actually make ethical
decisions
prescriptive - Answers - approach to ethical decision making focuses on what decision
an individual
should
make
Utilitarianism - Answers - the best known consequentialist theory
principle of utility - Answers - states that an ethical decision should maximize benefits to
society and minimize
harms
Utilitarian focuses on - Answers - (Consequesntialist approach) focuses on what is best
for society
Deontologist - Answers - Follow the rules no matter what. Focuses on universal
principles such as honesty.
virtue ethics - Answers - focuses on the integrity of
the moral person not on the moral
act itself (the decision or behavior)
Disclosure rule - Answers - asks whether you would feel comfortable if your activities
were disclosed in the light of day (if you have something to hide it is probably unethical)
veil of ignorance - Answers - deciding what is ethical and just without any regard to the
background of the situation or person.
categorical imperative - Answers - This rule asks you to consider whether the rationale
for your action is suitable to become a universal law or principle for everyone to follow
(what if everyone did it?)
Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business - Answers - 1. GATHER THE
FACTS
2. DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUES
3. IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES (THE STAKEHOLDERS)
4. IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
, 5. IDENTIFY THE OBLIGATIONS
6. CONSIDER YOUR CHARACTER AND INTEGRITY
7. THINK CREATIVELY ABOUT POTENTIAL ACTIONS
8. CHECK YOUR GUT
moral disengagement - Answers - Deactivating your internal Ethical self control to act
unethically without feeling bad.
8 moral disengagement mechanisms - Answers - 1. euphemistic language
2. moral justification
3. advantageous comparison
4. displacement of responsibility
5. diffusion of responsibility
6. distorting consequences
7. dehumanization
8. Attribution of blame
7 whistle blower steps - Answers - 1. Approach Your Immediate Manager First If You
Can
2. Discuss the Issue with Your Family
3. Take It to the Next Level
4. Contact Your Company's Ethics Officer or Ombudsman
5. Consider Going Outside Your Chain of Command
6. Go Outside of the Company
7. Leave the Company
calculated risk taking steps - Answers - 1. Ask yourself how strongly you feel about the
particular issue
2. Ask yourself about your intentions
3. Consider power and influence.
4. Weigh the risks and benefits of action
5. Think about timing
6. Develop alternatives
Cognitive Moral Development - Answers - theory proposes that moral reasoning
develops sequentially through three broad levels, each composed of two stages. As
individuals move forward through the sequence of stages, they are cognitively capable
of comprehending all reasoning at stages below their own, but they cannot comprehend
reasoning more than one stage above their own
Lawrence Kohlberg - Answers - created the Cognitive Moral Development
Levels of Moral Development - Answers - 1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional or Principled
stakeholder - Answers - any person or group with a stake in the issue at hand
descriptive - Answers - the approach to ethical decision making focuses on how people
actually make ethical
decisions
prescriptive - Answers - approach to ethical decision making focuses on what decision
an individual
should
make
Utilitarianism - Answers - the best known consequentialist theory
principle of utility - Answers - states that an ethical decision should maximize benefits to
society and minimize
harms
Utilitarian focuses on - Answers - (Consequesntialist approach) focuses on what is best
for society
Deontologist - Answers - Follow the rules no matter what. Focuses on universal
principles such as honesty.
virtue ethics - Answers - focuses on the integrity of
the moral person not on the moral
act itself (the decision or behavior)
Disclosure rule - Answers - asks whether you would feel comfortable if your activities
were disclosed in the light of day (if you have something to hide it is probably unethical)
veil of ignorance - Answers - deciding what is ethical and just without any regard to the
background of the situation or person.
categorical imperative - Answers - This rule asks you to consider whether the rationale
for your action is suitable to become a universal law or principle for everyone to follow
(what if everyone did it?)
Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business - Answers - 1. GATHER THE
FACTS
2. DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUES
3. IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES (THE STAKEHOLDERS)
4. IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
, 5. IDENTIFY THE OBLIGATIONS
6. CONSIDER YOUR CHARACTER AND INTEGRITY
7. THINK CREATIVELY ABOUT POTENTIAL ACTIONS
8. CHECK YOUR GUT
moral disengagement - Answers - Deactivating your internal Ethical self control to act
unethically without feeling bad.
8 moral disengagement mechanisms - Answers - 1. euphemistic language
2. moral justification
3. advantageous comparison
4. displacement of responsibility
5. diffusion of responsibility
6. distorting consequences
7. dehumanization
8. Attribution of blame
7 whistle blower steps - Answers - 1. Approach Your Immediate Manager First If You
Can
2. Discuss the Issue with Your Family
3. Take It to the Next Level
4. Contact Your Company's Ethics Officer or Ombudsman
5. Consider Going Outside Your Chain of Command
6. Go Outside of the Company
7. Leave the Company
calculated risk taking steps - Answers - 1. Ask yourself how strongly you feel about the
particular issue
2. Ask yourself about your intentions
3. Consider power and influence.
4. Weigh the risks and benefits of action
5. Think about timing
6. Develop alternatives
Cognitive Moral Development - Answers - theory proposes that moral reasoning
develops sequentially through three broad levels, each composed of two stages. As
individuals move forward through the sequence of stages, they are cognitively capable
of comprehending all reasoning at stages below their own, but they cannot comprehend
reasoning more than one stage above their own
Lawrence Kohlberg - Answers - created the Cognitive Moral Development
Levels of Moral Development - Answers - 1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional or Principled
