NR 509 midterm | Questions and Answers |
2026 Update | Final Revision Guide
• Disease/illness distinction model -✓✓Helps elucidate these different yet
complementary perspectives of the clinician and the patient.
• Mindfulness -✓✓Refers to the state of being purposefully and nonjudgmentally
attentive to one's own experience, thoughts, and feelings.
• Social determinants of health -✓✓The conditions in which people are born, grow, work,
live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily
life.
• Implicit bias -✓✓A set of unconscious beliefs or associations that lead to a negative
evaluation of a person on the basis of their perceived group identity.
• Explicit bias -✓✓Conscious or deliberate decisions or preferences founded on beliefs,
stereotypes or associations on the basis of a perceived group identity.
• Cultural humility -✓✓A process that requires humility as individuals continually engage
in self-reflection and self-critique as lifelong learners and reflective practitioners.
• Self-Awareness -✓✓How do you describe yourself in terms of ethnicity, class, region
or country of origin, religion, and political affiliation?
• Respectful Communication -✓✓Be open to learning from each patient. Do not assume
that your impressions about a given cultural group apply to the individual before you.
• Collaborative Partnerships -✓✓Communication based on trust, respect, and your own
willingness to re-examine assumptions allows patients to be more open to expressing
views that diverge from the dominant culture.
• Spirituality -✓✓Encompasses religion, but is broader, focusing on larger universal
themes such as meaning and purpose, transcendence, and connection with others.
• Medical ethics -✓✓A subdiscipline of applied ethics, which is itself a subdiscipline of
philosophy, is the system of norms that guide the practice and support clinician decision
making.
• Capacity -✓✓A clinical designation and can be assessed by clinicians.
• Competence -✓✓A judicial determination and can only be decided by a court.
, • Active Listening -✓✓Involves closely attending to what the client is communicating,
connecting to the client's emotional state, and using verbal and nonverbal skills to
encourage the client to expand on their feelings and concerns.
• Empathy -✓✓Encompasses identifying with the client and feeling their pain as one's
own, then responding to them in a supportive manner.
• Guided Questioning -✓✓Helps to elicit more information while still showing a continued
interest in the client's feelings and story.
• Nonverbal Communication -✓✓Includes eye contact, facial expression, posture, head
position, and movement such as shaking or nodding, interpersonal distance, and
placement of the arms or legs.
• Validating -✓✓Affirming the legitimacy of the client's emotional experience.
• Reassuring -✓✓An appropriate way to help the client feel that problems have been
fully understood and are being addressed.
• Partnering -✓✓Involves expressing commitment to an ongoing relationship with the
clients to build rapport.
• Summarizing -✓✓Giving a summary of the client's story during the interview helps to
communicate that they have been carefully listening to.
• Transitioning -✓✓Can be used to inform the client that the direction of the interview is
changing.
• Empowerment -✓✓Empowering clients to ask questions and express their concerns
increases the chances that they will adopt your advice, make lifestyle changes, or take
medications as prescribed.
• FIFE -✓✓A mnemonic used to gather information about the client's perspective of the
illness.
• 5 Ps+ -✓✓A review of systems that includes gathering information about past medical
history, medications and allergies, family history, personal and social history, and sexual
history.
• Teach-back -✓✓A technique used to ensure the client understands the plan.
• Initiate Encounter -✓✓The first step in the clinical encounter, which includes reviewing
the clinical record and ensuring the client is comfortable.
2026 Update | Final Revision Guide
• Disease/illness distinction model -✓✓Helps elucidate these different yet
complementary perspectives of the clinician and the patient.
• Mindfulness -✓✓Refers to the state of being purposefully and nonjudgmentally
attentive to one's own experience, thoughts, and feelings.
• Social determinants of health -✓✓The conditions in which people are born, grow, work,
live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily
life.
• Implicit bias -✓✓A set of unconscious beliefs or associations that lead to a negative
evaluation of a person on the basis of their perceived group identity.
• Explicit bias -✓✓Conscious or deliberate decisions or preferences founded on beliefs,
stereotypes or associations on the basis of a perceived group identity.
• Cultural humility -✓✓A process that requires humility as individuals continually engage
in self-reflection and self-critique as lifelong learners and reflective practitioners.
• Self-Awareness -✓✓How do you describe yourself in terms of ethnicity, class, region
or country of origin, religion, and political affiliation?
• Respectful Communication -✓✓Be open to learning from each patient. Do not assume
that your impressions about a given cultural group apply to the individual before you.
• Collaborative Partnerships -✓✓Communication based on trust, respect, and your own
willingness to re-examine assumptions allows patients to be more open to expressing
views that diverge from the dominant culture.
• Spirituality -✓✓Encompasses religion, but is broader, focusing on larger universal
themes such as meaning and purpose, transcendence, and connection with others.
• Medical ethics -✓✓A subdiscipline of applied ethics, which is itself a subdiscipline of
philosophy, is the system of norms that guide the practice and support clinician decision
making.
• Capacity -✓✓A clinical designation and can be assessed by clinicians.
• Competence -✓✓A judicial determination and can only be decided by a court.
, • Active Listening -✓✓Involves closely attending to what the client is communicating,
connecting to the client's emotional state, and using verbal and nonverbal skills to
encourage the client to expand on their feelings and concerns.
• Empathy -✓✓Encompasses identifying with the client and feeling their pain as one's
own, then responding to them in a supportive manner.
• Guided Questioning -✓✓Helps to elicit more information while still showing a continued
interest in the client's feelings and story.
• Nonverbal Communication -✓✓Includes eye contact, facial expression, posture, head
position, and movement such as shaking or nodding, interpersonal distance, and
placement of the arms or legs.
• Validating -✓✓Affirming the legitimacy of the client's emotional experience.
• Reassuring -✓✓An appropriate way to help the client feel that problems have been
fully understood and are being addressed.
• Partnering -✓✓Involves expressing commitment to an ongoing relationship with the
clients to build rapport.
• Summarizing -✓✓Giving a summary of the client's story during the interview helps to
communicate that they have been carefully listening to.
• Transitioning -✓✓Can be used to inform the client that the direction of the interview is
changing.
• Empowerment -✓✓Empowering clients to ask questions and express their concerns
increases the chances that they will adopt your advice, make lifestyle changes, or take
medications as prescribed.
• FIFE -✓✓A mnemonic used to gather information about the client's perspective of the
illness.
• 5 Ps+ -✓✓A review of systems that includes gathering information about past medical
history, medications and allergies, family history, personal and social history, and sexual
history.
• Teach-back -✓✓A technique used to ensure the client understands the plan.
• Initiate Encounter -✓✓The first step in the clinical encounter, which includes reviewing
the clinical record and ensuring the client is comfortable.
