NUR 521 Exam 3
Natural immunity (innate or native) - answertype of immunity that includes physical
barriers (e.g., skin), phagocytic cells, and natural killer cells. All of these factors are
present before exposure to a particular infectious agent, and all respond nonspecifically.
specific acquired immunity - answerImmunity in which responses occur only after
exposure to a foreign substance. Objective is to destroy antigens
Antigens - answerThe foreign substances that induce specific responses in specific
acquired immunity
Cell-mediated, Humoral (antibody-mediated) - answerthe two classes of specific
acquired immunity
Cell-mediated immunity - answerrefers to immune responses in which targets are
attacked directly by immune system cells—specifically, cytolytic T cells and
macrophages
Humoral immunity - answerrefers to immune responses that are mediated by
antibodies.
B lymphocytes - answerhave the job of making antibodies. Hence mediates humoral
immunity. produced in the bone marrow.
Cytolytic T Cells - answerattack and kill target cells directly, mature in the thymus
Helper T cells - answercontribute to the immune response in three ways: (1) they have
an essential role in antibody production by B cells; (2) they release factors that promote
type IV sensitivity reactions, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH); and (3)
they participate in the activation of cytolytic T cells.
Are the immune cell that HIV attacks
Mature in the thymus
Macrophages - answerPresent in all organs and tissues, primary role is phagocytosis,
(1) they are required for activation of T cells (both helper T cells and cytolytic T cells),
(2) they are the final mediators of DTH, and (3) they phagocytize cells that have been
tagged with antibodies
Dendritic Cells - answerperform the same antigen-presenting task as do macrophages,
but do not act as scavengers
,Mast cells - answerThese cells mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions, derived
from basophils, concentrated in the skin and other soft tissues, release histamine,
heparin, and other compounds that cause the symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity
Basophils - answerThese cells mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions, circulate
in the blood, release histamine, heparin, and other compounds that cause the
symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity
Neutrophils - answerphagocytize bacteria and other foreign particles, avidly devour cells
that have been tagged with antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class, major
contributors to inflammation
Eosinophils - answerattack and destroy foreign particles that have been coated with
antibodies of the IgE class. Their usual target is helminths (parasitic worms). also
contribute to tissue injury and inflammation associated with immediate hypersensitivity
reactions.
Antibodies - answerare a family of structurally related glycoproteins that mediate
humoral immunity. The most characteristic feature is their ability to recognize and bind
with specific antigens.
Immunoglobulins and globulins. - answerAlternative names for antibodies are
B lymphocytes - answerall antibodies are produced by
IgA - answerlocated in mucous membranes of the GI tract and lungs and in many
secretions, serve as the first line of defense against microbes entering the body via
these routes, transferred to infants via breastmilk (not absorbed in the GI tract, but does
protect the infant from microbes in the GI tract)
IgD - answerfound only on the surface of mature B cells where it serves as a receptor
for antigen recognition (along with IgM)
IgE - answerbind to the surface of mast cells, stimulating the release of histamine,
heparin, and other mediators from the mast cell causing symptoms of allergy (hives, hay
fever), bind to parasitic worms, eosinophils bind to the ig, releasing compounds that lyse
the worm
IgG - answerProduced in copious amounts in response to antigenic stimulation, major
antibody in blood, promote target-cell lysis, binds target cells enhancing phagocytosis,
transferred across the placenta to fetal circulation providing neonatal immunity
IgM - answerfirst class of antibody produced in response to an antigen, promotes target
cell lysis, present on the surface of mature B cells where it serves as a receptor for
antigen recognition along with IgD
, IgM - answerif these are high, it signifies an acute infection
Antigens - answerare molecules that induce specific immune responses and, as a
result, become the targets of those responses. may trigger production of antibodies,
cytotoxic T cells, or both—all of which can then attack it
epitopes or antigenic determinants - answerBecause antigens are large, antibodies
recognize and bind selected small portions of the antigen, referred to as
hapten, carrier - answerIn research and in clinical practice, we may want to generate
antibodies to molecules that are too small to induce an immune response. To overcome
this obstacle, we can link the small molecule to a larger molecule, usually a protein.
When this is done, the small molecule is referred to as a ________, and the large
molecule is referred to as a ______. At least some of the resultant antibodies will be
selective.
Active Immunity - answerResponse to infection or to administration of a vaccine or
toxoid. (form own antibodies)
Passive Immunity - answerConferred by giving a patient preformed antibodies (immune
globulins). protects immediately but persists only as long as the antibodies remain in the
body. (given antibodies)
Killed vaccines - answerare composed of whole, killed microbes or isolated microbial
components (e.g., the polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b or the surface
antigen of hepatitis B).
live, attenuated vaccines - answerare composed of live microbes that have been
weakened or rendered completely avirulent.
Live vaccines - answercan be dangerous in recipients who are immunocompromised
because these people are unable to mount an effective immune response, even against
an avirulent organism.
toxoid - answeris a bacterial toxin that has been changed to a nontoxic form.
Administration causes the recipient's immune system to manufacture antitoxins (i.e.,
antibodies directed against the natural bacterial toxin). Antitoxins protect against injury
from toxins but do not kill the bacteria that produce them
Specific Immune Globulins - answerThese preparations contain a high concentration of
antibodies directed against a specific antigen (e.g., hepatitis B virus). Administration
provides immediate passive immunity. These preparations are made from donated
blood.
Natural immunity (innate or native) - answertype of immunity that includes physical
barriers (e.g., skin), phagocytic cells, and natural killer cells. All of these factors are
present before exposure to a particular infectious agent, and all respond nonspecifically.
specific acquired immunity - answerImmunity in which responses occur only after
exposure to a foreign substance. Objective is to destroy antigens
Antigens - answerThe foreign substances that induce specific responses in specific
acquired immunity
Cell-mediated, Humoral (antibody-mediated) - answerthe two classes of specific
acquired immunity
Cell-mediated immunity - answerrefers to immune responses in which targets are
attacked directly by immune system cells—specifically, cytolytic T cells and
macrophages
Humoral immunity - answerrefers to immune responses that are mediated by
antibodies.
B lymphocytes - answerhave the job of making antibodies. Hence mediates humoral
immunity. produced in the bone marrow.
Cytolytic T Cells - answerattack and kill target cells directly, mature in the thymus
Helper T cells - answercontribute to the immune response in three ways: (1) they have
an essential role in antibody production by B cells; (2) they release factors that promote
type IV sensitivity reactions, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH); and (3)
they participate in the activation of cytolytic T cells.
Are the immune cell that HIV attacks
Mature in the thymus
Macrophages - answerPresent in all organs and tissues, primary role is phagocytosis,
(1) they are required for activation of T cells (both helper T cells and cytolytic T cells),
(2) they are the final mediators of DTH, and (3) they phagocytize cells that have been
tagged with antibodies
Dendritic Cells - answerperform the same antigen-presenting task as do macrophages,
but do not act as scavengers
,Mast cells - answerThese cells mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions, derived
from basophils, concentrated in the skin and other soft tissues, release histamine,
heparin, and other compounds that cause the symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity
Basophils - answerThese cells mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions, circulate
in the blood, release histamine, heparin, and other compounds that cause the
symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity
Neutrophils - answerphagocytize bacteria and other foreign particles, avidly devour cells
that have been tagged with antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class, major
contributors to inflammation
Eosinophils - answerattack and destroy foreign particles that have been coated with
antibodies of the IgE class. Their usual target is helminths (parasitic worms). also
contribute to tissue injury and inflammation associated with immediate hypersensitivity
reactions.
Antibodies - answerare a family of structurally related glycoproteins that mediate
humoral immunity. The most characteristic feature is their ability to recognize and bind
with specific antigens.
Immunoglobulins and globulins. - answerAlternative names for antibodies are
B lymphocytes - answerall antibodies are produced by
IgA - answerlocated in mucous membranes of the GI tract and lungs and in many
secretions, serve as the first line of defense against microbes entering the body via
these routes, transferred to infants via breastmilk (not absorbed in the GI tract, but does
protect the infant from microbes in the GI tract)
IgD - answerfound only on the surface of mature B cells where it serves as a receptor
for antigen recognition (along with IgM)
IgE - answerbind to the surface of mast cells, stimulating the release of histamine,
heparin, and other mediators from the mast cell causing symptoms of allergy (hives, hay
fever), bind to parasitic worms, eosinophils bind to the ig, releasing compounds that lyse
the worm
IgG - answerProduced in copious amounts in response to antigenic stimulation, major
antibody in blood, promote target-cell lysis, binds target cells enhancing phagocytosis,
transferred across the placenta to fetal circulation providing neonatal immunity
IgM - answerfirst class of antibody produced in response to an antigen, promotes target
cell lysis, present on the surface of mature B cells where it serves as a receptor for
antigen recognition along with IgD
, IgM - answerif these are high, it signifies an acute infection
Antigens - answerare molecules that induce specific immune responses and, as a
result, become the targets of those responses. may trigger production of antibodies,
cytotoxic T cells, or both—all of which can then attack it
epitopes or antigenic determinants - answerBecause antigens are large, antibodies
recognize and bind selected small portions of the antigen, referred to as
hapten, carrier - answerIn research and in clinical practice, we may want to generate
antibodies to molecules that are too small to induce an immune response. To overcome
this obstacle, we can link the small molecule to a larger molecule, usually a protein.
When this is done, the small molecule is referred to as a ________, and the large
molecule is referred to as a ______. At least some of the resultant antibodies will be
selective.
Active Immunity - answerResponse to infection or to administration of a vaccine or
toxoid. (form own antibodies)
Passive Immunity - answerConferred by giving a patient preformed antibodies (immune
globulins). protects immediately but persists only as long as the antibodies remain in the
body. (given antibodies)
Killed vaccines - answerare composed of whole, killed microbes or isolated microbial
components (e.g., the polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b or the surface
antigen of hepatitis B).
live, attenuated vaccines - answerare composed of live microbes that have been
weakened or rendered completely avirulent.
Live vaccines - answercan be dangerous in recipients who are immunocompromised
because these people are unable to mount an effective immune response, even against
an avirulent organism.
toxoid - answeris a bacterial toxin that has been changed to a nontoxic form.
Administration causes the recipient's immune system to manufacture antitoxins (i.e.,
antibodies directed against the natural bacterial toxin). Antitoxins protect against injury
from toxins but do not kill the bacteria that produce them
Specific Immune Globulins - answerThese preparations contain a high concentration of
antibodies directed against a specific antigen (e.g., hepatitis B virus). Administration
provides immediate passive immunity. These preparations are made from donated
blood.
