NUR 342 Final Exam Review Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions
2025
Systematic reviews - ✔✔-Integrates evidence from multiple studies
-Highest level of evidence on hierarchy
Purpose of conducting systematic reviews - ✔✔-Inform EBP
-Summarize state of science on a topic
-Avoid making conclusions based on a single study
Types of systematic reviews - ✔✔-Systematic review: broad umbrella term
-Meta-analysis: review of quantitative studies using statistical analyses
Metasynthesis: review of qualitative studies
Qualitative evidence synthesis: review of qualitative studies with focus on interventions
Cochrane reviews: Organization that specialises in in-depthy reviews
Approaches to evaluate study quality - ✔✔-Researchers use quality assessment,
scales, checklists, tools to 'judge" the quality of studies that are being reviewed
-These assessments help guide decision- making for the review
Effect size - ✔✔a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or
the extent of an experimental effect
Cohen's d - ✔✔A method of calculating effect size, that determines the difference in the
outcome measure between two groups
Reporting guidelines for systematic reviews - ✔✔PRISMA and MOOSE
Potential ethical issues in systematic reviews - ✔✔-systematic reviews may have
studies with ethical problems
-informed consent to assess the quality of the studies
-Participants from original studies do not know about potential use of data in systematic
review
-Systematic reviews are prone to conflicts of interest
How to minimize ethical issues in systematic reviews - ✔✔-conduct cost-beneft analysis
to evaluate potential benefits and risks to stake holders
-declare conflict of interest and funding sources
-consider impact of publication bias on the systematic review
evaluate the quality of the studies in the review
Definition of prognosis - ✔✔Prognosis refers to the risk of future health outcomes in
people with a given disease or health condition
, Purpose of overall prognosis - ✔✔To evaluate the course of health-related conditions
over time among a specific sub-group of the population based on clinical or social
context
Definition of prognostic factor studies - ✔✔A non-experimental study that purposed to
identify characteristics that are associated with occurrence of certain outcome(s) for
individuals of a particular cohort
Absolute risk - ✔✔A person's chances of developing a disease or disorder independent
of any risk that other people may have for that disease or disorder
Outcome surrogate - ✔✔Using an alternative (or substitute) outcome measure rather
than looking at direct results to measure an outcome
outcome composit - ✔✔A combination of more than one outcome (Heart attack and
stroke)
Prognostic model studies - ✔✔Purposed to creat a statistical model (prediction model)
that can predict health outcomes
Why are prognostic model studies used - ✔✔To predict health outcomes, how people
respond to treatment, and risk of developing a disease
Mixed methods - ✔✔collection, analysis, and integration of both quantitative and
qualitative data
Advantages of conducting mixed methods - ✔✔-quantitative and qualitative approaches
can be complementary
-practical to use different methods to address complex problems
-increases validity of a study
applications of mixed methods research - ✔✔-Can help confirm or better understand
findings
-Can help provide information needed to develop data collection instruments
-Can help design interventions
-Can help better understand how and why a program/ intervention works
Sampling approaches in mixed methods research - ✔✔-Identical
-Nested
-Parallel
-Multilevel
2025
Systematic reviews - ✔✔-Integrates evidence from multiple studies
-Highest level of evidence on hierarchy
Purpose of conducting systematic reviews - ✔✔-Inform EBP
-Summarize state of science on a topic
-Avoid making conclusions based on a single study
Types of systematic reviews - ✔✔-Systematic review: broad umbrella term
-Meta-analysis: review of quantitative studies using statistical analyses
Metasynthesis: review of qualitative studies
Qualitative evidence synthesis: review of qualitative studies with focus on interventions
Cochrane reviews: Organization that specialises in in-depthy reviews
Approaches to evaluate study quality - ✔✔-Researchers use quality assessment,
scales, checklists, tools to 'judge" the quality of studies that are being reviewed
-These assessments help guide decision- making for the review
Effect size - ✔✔a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or
the extent of an experimental effect
Cohen's d - ✔✔A method of calculating effect size, that determines the difference in the
outcome measure between two groups
Reporting guidelines for systematic reviews - ✔✔PRISMA and MOOSE
Potential ethical issues in systematic reviews - ✔✔-systematic reviews may have
studies with ethical problems
-informed consent to assess the quality of the studies
-Participants from original studies do not know about potential use of data in systematic
review
-Systematic reviews are prone to conflicts of interest
How to minimize ethical issues in systematic reviews - ✔✔-conduct cost-beneft analysis
to evaluate potential benefits and risks to stake holders
-declare conflict of interest and funding sources
-consider impact of publication bias on the systematic review
evaluate the quality of the studies in the review
Definition of prognosis - ✔✔Prognosis refers to the risk of future health outcomes in
people with a given disease or health condition
, Purpose of overall prognosis - ✔✔To evaluate the course of health-related conditions
over time among a specific sub-group of the population based on clinical or social
context
Definition of prognostic factor studies - ✔✔A non-experimental study that purposed to
identify characteristics that are associated with occurrence of certain outcome(s) for
individuals of a particular cohort
Absolute risk - ✔✔A person's chances of developing a disease or disorder independent
of any risk that other people may have for that disease or disorder
Outcome surrogate - ✔✔Using an alternative (or substitute) outcome measure rather
than looking at direct results to measure an outcome
outcome composit - ✔✔A combination of more than one outcome (Heart attack and
stroke)
Prognostic model studies - ✔✔Purposed to creat a statistical model (prediction model)
that can predict health outcomes
Why are prognostic model studies used - ✔✔To predict health outcomes, how people
respond to treatment, and risk of developing a disease
Mixed methods - ✔✔collection, analysis, and integration of both quantitative and
qualitative data
Advantages of conducting mixed methods - ✔✔-quantitative and qualitative approaches
can be complementary
-practical to use different methods to address complex problems
-increases validity of a study
applications of mixed methods research - ✔✔-Can help confirm or better understand
findings
-Can help provide information needed to develop data collection instruments
-Can help design interventions
-Can help better understand how and why a program/ intervention works
Sampling approaches in mixed methods research - ✔✔-Identical
-Nested
-Parallel
-Multilevel
