1
BIOLOGY 9700 A-LEVEL BIOLOGY STUDY
GUIDE NEWEST
VERSION -2025/2026- WITH 100+ QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% SUCCESS)
Heterozygous
Two different alleles of a gene/ different allele pair for a gene/
produces gamete with different genotypes
Genotype
Alleles present in an organism/ particular allele of a gene
Gene Mutation
Change in DNA/base sequences that produces different alleles
which code for a different protein/polypeptide
Bioinformatics
Analysis of biological data using computer software
Outline the role of bioinformatics
Databases of, gene / DNA / protein / amino acid, sequences
Ref. to large databases
BIOLOGY
, 2
-
-
Fast / accurate / efficient
- Ref. to allows data to be, shared / pooled
- Can predict, amino acid sequences / protein structure (from DNA
sequence data)
- Ref. to analytical tool; e.g. BLAST 8 ref. to comparisons
- Used to find methods to control parasites
- Named example of control; e.g. vaccine
- AVP; e.g. personalized medicine identify new diseases ref.
common ancestor phylogenetic analysis biodiversity / new
species
Describe the role of calcium ions in a cholinergic synapse
- Ca2+, enters / diffuses into, synaptic knob
- Through (voltage-gated) calcium (ion) channels
- Vesicles containing acetylcholine
- Move to / fuse with, presynaptic membrane
- Exocytosis of acetylcholine
Inhibition of Ca2+ATPase, in membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Transverse / T- , tubules depolarized
- Ca2+ diffuse out of sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Ca2+ (stays) in, cytoplasm / sarcoplasm
, 3
-
-
- Ca2+, binds / bound, to troponin
- Tropomyosin, shifted/does not cover (myosin) binding sites (on
actin) Myosin-actin, cross bridges / bonds, exist / remain
Sarcomere(s) / muscle, contracted / shortened / paralysed
Describe the relationship between the function of a chloroplast
and its structure
- Thylakoid(s) / granum / grana: light dependent reaction /
photophosphorylation
- Thylakoid membrane(s): have (named), pigments / photosystems
/ LHC / electron carriers / ETC / ATP synthase
- Thylakoid membranes / grana, have large surface area / are
many in number: to absorb (more) light
- Stroma: for light independent reaction / Calvin cycle
- Stroma: has, (named) enzymes / RuBP / reduced NADP
- Stroma colourless OR stroma contains water: so light reaches
thylakoids OR as a medium for reactions / for photolysis
- DNA / ribosomes: make (named), chloroplast proteins / proteins
for photosynthesis
- Starch grains / lipid droplets: store, (named) product of
photosynthesis / (chemical) energy
- Envelope: compartmentalization
-
, 4
-
-
Outline the main features of cyclic photophosphorylation
- Light excites electrons in, P700 / PS1 (reaction centre
chlorophyll)
- Electrons passed, along carriers / to ETC
H+ / protons, pumped into thylakoid, space / lumen
H+ / protons, diffuse (back to stroma) through ATP
synth(et)ase Makes ATP
Recombinant DNA
DNA containing genetic material from two different organisms/
DNA form two different sources
DNA, combined / joined, from, two / different, organisms / sources
Explain the purpose of gene for a fluorescent protein in plasmid
- Identify bacteria that have taken up the plasmid/transformed
bacteria
- Used as a marker
- Detect under UV light
Enzyme used to join the cut ends of the gene to the cut ends of
the plasmid DNA ligase
BIOLOGY 9700 A-LEVEL BIOLOGY STUDY
GUIDE NEWEST
VERSION -2025/2026- WITH 100+ QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% SUCCESS)
Heterozygous
Two different alleles of a gene/ different allele pair for a gene/
produces gamete with different genotypes
Genotype
Alleles present in an organism/ particular allele of a gene
Gene Mutation
Change in DNA/base sequences that produces different alleles
which code for a different protein/polypeptide
Bioinformatics
Analysis of biological data using computer software
Outline the role of bioinformatics
Databases of, gene / DNA / protein / amino acid, sequences
Ref. to large databases
BIOLOGY
, 2
-
-
Fast / accurate / efficient
- Ref. to allows data to be, shared / pooled
- Can predict, amino acid sequences / protein structure (from DNA
sequence data)
- Ref. to analytical tool; e.g. BLAST 8 ref. to comparisons
- Used to find methods to control parasites
- Named example of control; e.g. vaccine
- AVP; e.g. personalized medicine identify new diseases ref.
common ancestor phylogenetic analysis biodiversity / new
species
Describe the role of calcium ions in a cholinergic synapse
- Ca2+, enters / diffuses into, synaptic knob
- Through (voltage-gated) calcium (ion) channels
- Vesicles containing acetylcholine
- Move to / fuse with, presynaptic membrane
- Exocytosis of acetylcholine
Inhibition of Ca2+ATPase, in membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Transverse / T- , tubules depolarized
- Ca2+ diffuse out of sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Ca2+ (stays) in, cytoplasm / sarcoplasm
, 3
-
-
- Ca2+, binds / bound, to troponin
- Tropomyosin, shifted/does not cover (myosin) binding sites (on
actin) Myosin-actin, cross bridges / bonds, exist / remain
Sarcomere(s) / muscle, contracted / shortened / paralysed
Describe the relationship between the function of a chloroplast
and its structure
- Thylakoid(s) / granum / grana: light dependent reaction /
photophosphorylation
- Thylakoid membrane(s): have (named), pigments / photosystems
/ LHC / electron carriers / ETC / ATP synthase
- Thylakoid membranes / grana, have large surface area / are
many in number: to absorb (more) light
- Stroma: for light independent reaction / Calvin cycle
- Stroma: has, (named) enzymes / RuBP / reduced NADP
- Stroma colourless OR stroma contains water: so light reaches
thylakoids OR as a medium for reactions / for photolysis
- DNA / ribosomes: make (named), chloroplast proteins / proteins
for photosynthesis
- Starch grains / lipid droplets: store, (named) product of
photosynthesis / (chemical) energy
- Envelope: compartmentalization
-
, 4
-
-
Outline the main features of cyclic photophosphorylation
- Light excites electrons in, P700 / PS1 (reaction centre
chlorophyll)
- Electrons passed, along carriers / to ETC
H+ / protons, pumped into thylakoid, space / lumen
H+ / protons, diffuse (back to stroma) through ATP
synth(et)ase Makes ATP
Recombinant DNA
DNA containing genetic material from two different organisms/
DNA form two different sources
DNA, combined / joined, from, two / different, organisms / sources
Explain the purpose of gene for a fluorescent protein in plasmid
- Identify bacteria that have taken up the plasmid/transformed
bacteria
- Used as a marker
- Detect under UV light
Enzyme used to join the cut ends of the gene to the cut ends of
the plasmid DNA ligase
