5/5/26, 9:14 Edexcel gcse combined sci
AM
Edexcel GCSE Combined Science Biology Paper 1 (1SC0) –
Complete Revision Notes on Cells, Enzymes, Genetics, Disease
& Evolution.
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
Prokaryotic cell
cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles
animal cell
Eukaryotic (nucleus), cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes.
plant cell
Eukaryotic (nucleus), cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes,
chloroplasts, cell wall and vacuole.
Nucleus
Controls the main functions of the cell (growth and reproduction) and contains the DNA
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid in which the organelles are supported; contains ribosomes
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances enter and leave the cell.
Mitochondria
Organelle, in which aerobic respiration and energy production occur.
Ribosomes
Organelle, in which protein synthesis occurs.
cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
(made of cellulose)
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,5/5/26, 9:14 Edexcel gcse combined sci
AM
Vacuole
Filled with cell sap; keeps the cell rigid to support the plant
Chloroplast
An organelle (found in plant and algae cells) where photosynthesis occurs
bacteria cell
Prokaryotic (No nucleus), chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, cell membrane, cell wall,
cytoplasm, ribosomes and flagella
Chromosomal DNA
Carries genes that specify the proteins that make up the organism
Plasmid DNA
A ring of DNA capable of replicating itself (contains small amount of DNA) ; used in
genetic engineering and modification
flagellum
A long, hair-like structure that enables the cell to move.
Multicellular organisms
Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)
sexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material
to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
egg cell
female reproductive cell; haploid female sex cells (gamete) produced by meiosis
sperm cell
male reproductive cell
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, 5/5/26, 9:14 Edexcel gcse combined sci
AM
ciliated epithelial cells
Cells in the trachea which have microscopic hairs (cilia) growing from them.
nerve cells
Long, branched cell that sends electrical impulses through nervous system
red blood cells
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
white blood cells
Defends the body against infection and disease by ingesting and/or destroying
guard cells
Control the opening and closing of the stomata; opens for gas and sunlight
Root hair cell
Absorbs water and minerals ions from the soil (thin walls and large surface area for
maximum absorption)
skin cells
Provide protection to living organisms (thin and flat)
palisade cells
long, narrow cells, packed with chloroplasts (to trap sunlight) ;carry out photosynthesis.
Xylem cell
Cell that joins with other xylem cells to form long, thick-walled vessels after they die.
The vessels carry water and dissolved mineral salts through the plant.
microscope
An instrument that makes small objects appear larger
light microscope
3/19
AM
Edexcel GCSE Combined Science Biology Paper 1 (1SC0) –
Complete Revision Notes on Cells, Enzymes, Genetics, Disease
& Evolution.
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
Prokaryotic cell
cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles
animal cell
Eukaryotic (nucleus), cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes.
plant cell
Eukaryotic (nucleus), cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes,
chloroplasts, cell wall and vacuole.
Nucleus
Controls the main functions of the cell (growth and reproduction) and contains the DNA
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid in which the organelles are supported; contains ribosomes
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances enter and leave the cell.
Mitochondria
Organelle, in which aerobic respiration and energy production occur.
Ribosomes
Organelle, in which protein synthesis occurs.
cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
(made of cellulose)
1/19
,5/5/26, 9:14 Edexcel gcse combined sci
AM
Vacuole
Filled with cell sap; keeps the cell rigid to support the plant
Chloroplast
An organelle (found in plant and algae cells) where photosynthesis occurs
bacteria cell
Prokaryotic (No nucleus), chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, cell membrane, cell wall,
cytoplasm, ribosomes and flagella
Chromosomal DNA
Carries genes that specify the proteins that make up the organism
Plasmid DNA
A ring of DNA capable of replicating itself (contains small amount of DNA) ; used in
genetic engineering and modification
flagellum
A long, hair-like structure that enables the cell to move.
Multicellular organisms
Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)
sexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material
to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
egg cell
female reproductive cell; haploid female sex cells (gamete) produced by meiosis
sperm cell
male reproductive cell
2/19
, 5/5/26, 9:14 Edexcel gcse combined sci
AM
ciliated epithelial cells
Cells in the trachea which have microscopic hairs (cilia) growing from them.
nerve cells
Long, branched cell that sends electrical impulses through nervous system
red blood cells
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
white blood cells
Defends the body against infection and disease by ingesting and/or destroying
guard cells
Control the opening and closing of the stomata; opens for gas and sunlight
Root hair cell
Absorbs water and minerals ions from the soil (thin walls and large surface area for
maximum absorption)
skin cells
Provide protection to living organisms (thin and flat)
palisade cells
long, narrow cells, packed with chloroplasts (to trap sunlight) ;carry out photosynthesis.
Xylem cell
Cell that joins with other xylem cells to form long, thick-walled vessels after they die.
The vessels carry water and dissolved mineral salts through the plant.
microscope
An instrument that makes small objects appear larger
light microscope
3/19
