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The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED). Also known as the Earth Summit or the Rio Summit
landscape ecology
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investigates patterns within the mosaic of the physical environment,
ecological communities, ecosystem processes, and human-ecosystem
interactions on local and regional scales
,1985 Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol:
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Banned ozone-depleting substances
mutations
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mutations—changes that occur in
the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that constitutes an individual's
chromosomes
sustainable development
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Economic development that satisfies the present and future needs of
human society while protecting species, ecosystems, and other aspects of
biodiversity
icun red list
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, an updated list of species facing high risks of extinction
market failure
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a situation in which the free market, operating on its own, does not
distribute resources efficiently
Demographic studies
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follow known
individuals of different ages and sizes in a population to deter-
mine their rates of growth, reproduction, and survival
extinction cascade
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Losing keystone species can create a series of linked extinction events
trophic levels
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, represent the different ways in which species obtain energy from the
environment
Types of MPAs
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No removal of anything
whatsoever (No Take)
• Multi-Zoned:
- Recreational fishing
and harvesting
- Commercial fishing of
some species allowed
Distinctive Species or Habitat
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Irreplaceable in an
ecosystem
• Taxonomically unique
(one on of its kind on
Planet Earth)
• Genetically distinct
population
• Habitat with many
endemic species
• Biodiversity Hotspots
Much of California is in the California Floristic Province, a biodiversity
hotspot