NSG 552 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 - MODULES 1-3 |
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED|
100% RATED CORRECT | GET A+!!
Pharmacokinetics - (Answer)Studies how the body acts on the drug
Pharmacodynamics - (Answer)Studies how the drug acts on the body
First-generation antipsychotic - (Answer)- first developed in the 1950s, first available treatment
for psychosis
- aka typical antipsychotics
- increased risk for EPS, Tardive dyskinesia
- d2 blocker
- Currently 11 FDA-approved and commerically available FGAs
- Most common differences between individual FGAs are their potency and side effects
- examples include Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Haldol (haloperidol), Prolixin (fluphenazine),
perphenazine (Trilafon
Second-generation antipsychotic - (Answer)- examples include Abilify (aripiprazole), Seroquel
(quetiapine), Zyprexa (olanzapine), Risperdal (risperidone), Clozaril (clozapine)
,- lower risk of EPS symptoms compared to 1st gen
- higher risk of metabolic side effects
- serotonin-dopamine receptor antagonists
- AKA atypical antipsychotics
EPS - (Answer)Involuntary movements that occur as a side effect to certina medications. AKA
drug induced movement disorder. May include tardive dyskinesia, dystonic reactions,
parkinsons-like symptoms, akathesia, NMD, akinesia
- Can be acute or chronic
- related to suppression of D2 dopamine receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway
Tardive dyskinesia - (Answer)- characterized by involuntary movments in the face and body
- often induced by long-term use of anitpsychotic drugs
- can be associated with use of other medication types (antidepressants, lithium, antihistamines)
- more common with 1st gen antipsychotics
- movements may include: writhing, mouth puckering, tongue rolling, lip smacking, pill rolling,
tongue protrusion
,Upregulation - (Answer)Refers to the activiation of the nervous system. Is the process by which
a cell increases its response to a subtance or signal from outside the cell to carry out a specific
response
downregulation - (Answer)Refers to state of calm/relation within nervous system. Characterized
by a decreased response by a cell to a molecule or neurotransmitter.
Receptor Profiles - (Answer)FGA - Primarily D2 antagonism. Also antagonize M2, H1, and a1
receptors
SGA - 5-HT2A & D2 antagonism. Rapid D2 dissociation. 5HT2A agonism. Also antagonizes
M2, H1, 5HT2C, and a1 receptors
Binding - (Answer)When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on a receiving cell, it causes ion
channels to open or close.
Affinity - (Answer)The property of a drug that describes its ability to bind to a receptor
Constant
Unique for each drug-receptor pair as it is dependent on each of their structures
, CYP450 - (Answer)- membrane-bound hemoproteins that play a pivotal role in the detoxification
of xenobiotics, cellular metabolism, and homeostatis
-Inhibitition or induction of CYP enzymes is a major mechanism underlying drug-drug
interactions
- A CYP450 inhibitor prevents or reduces work by CYP450 enzymes = decreased drug
metabolism and increased risk for toxicity
- A CYP450 inducer increases rate of hepatic metabolism = decreased serum concentation of
other drugs metabolized by the same hepatic isoenzyme
Grapefruit juice is an inhibtior, which can increase serum levels of certain drugs
Dopamine Pathways - (Answer)- mesolimbic (positive sx)
- mesocortical (negative sx)
- nigrostriatal (EPS)
- tuberoinfundibular (prolactin)
Metabolic Syndrome - (Answer)cluster of conditions that incerase risk for T2DM and
cardiovascular disease (obesity, HTN, high triglycerides, low HDL, insulin resistance)
-increased risk for metabolic syndrome found with some antipsychotic medications, primarily
SGA
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED|
100% RATED CORRECT | GET A+!!
Pharmacokinetics - (Answer)Studies how the body acts on the drug
Pharmacodynamics - (Answer)Studies how the drug acts on the body
First-generation antipsychotic - (Answer)- first developed in the 1950s, first available treatment
for psychosis
- aka typical antipsychotics
- increased risk for EPS, Tardive dyskinesia
- d2 blocker
- Currently 11 FDA-approved and commerically available FGAs
- Most common differences between individual FGAs are their potency and side effects
- examples include Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Haldol (haloperidol), Prolixin (fluphenazine),
perphenazine (Trilafon
Second-generation antipsychotic - (Answer)- examples include Abilify (aripiprazole), Seroquel
(quetiapine), Zyprexa (olanzapine), Risperdal (risperidone), Clozaril (clozapine)
,- lower risk of EPS symptoms compared to 1st gen
- higher risk of metabolic side effects
- serotonin-dopamine receptor antagonists
- AKA atypical antipsychotics
EPS - (Answer)Involuntary movements that occur as a side effect to certina medications. AKA
drug induced movement disorder. May include tardive dyskinesia, dystonic reactions,
parkinsons-like symptoms, akathesia, NMD, akinesia
- Can be acute or chronic
- related to suppression of D2 dopamine receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway
Tardive dyskinesia - (Answer)- characterized by involuntary movments in the face and body
- often induced by long-term use of anitpsychotic drugs
- can be associated with use of other medication types (antidepressants, lithium, antihistamines)
- more common with 1st gen antipsychotics
- movements may include: writhing, mouth puckering, tongue rolling, lip smacking, pill rolling,
tongue protrusion
,Upregulation - (Answer)Refers to the activiation of the nervous system. Is the process by which
a cell increases its response to a subtance or signal from outside the cell to carry out a specific
response
downregulation - (Answer)Refers to state of calm/relation within nervous system. Characterized
by a decreased response by a cell to a molecule or neurotransmitter.
Receptor Profiles - (Answer)FGA - Primarily D2 antagonism. Also antagonize M2, H1, and a1
receptors
SGA - 5-HT2A & D2 antagonism. Rapid D2 dissociation. 5HT2A agonism. Also antagonizes
M2, H1, 5HT2C, and a1 receptors
Binding - (Answer)When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on a receiving cell, it causes ion
channels to open or close.
Affinity - (Answer)The property of a drug that describes its ability to bind to a receptor
Constant
Unique for each drug-receptor pair as it is dependent on each of their structures
, CYP450 - (Answer)- membrane-bound hemoproteins that play a pivotal role in the detoxification
of xenobiotics, cellular metabolism, and homeostatis
-Inhibitition or induction of CYP enzymes is a major mechanism underlying drug-drug
interactions
- A CYP450 inhibitor prevents or reduces work by CYP450 enzymes = decreased drug
metabolism and increased risk for toxicity
- A CYP450 inducer increases rate of hepatic metabolism = decreased serum concentation of
other drugs metabolized by the same hepatic isoenzyme
Grapefruit juice is an inhibtior, which can increase serum levels of certain drugs
Dopamine Pathways - (Answer)- mesolimbic (positive sx)
- mesocortical (negative sx)
- nigrostriatal (EPS)
- tuberoinfundibular (prolactin)
Metabolic Syndrome - (Answer)cluster of conditions that incerase risk for T2DM and
cardiovascular disease (obesity, HTN, high triglycerides, low HDL, insulin resistance)
-increased risk for metabolic syndrome found with some antipsychotic medications, primarily
SGA
