Praxis 5621 (Principles of Learning and Teaching Early Childhood) Q&A
Jerome Bruner Ans-a constructivist theorist who contributed the three modes of
representation to the field of cognitive development
Enactive Mode Ans-The first (action-based) mode of representation in Bruner's theory; 0-1
year; knowledge is primarily stored in motor responses and thinking occurs through physical
actions
Iconic Mode Ans-The second (image-based) mode of representation in Bruner's theory; 1-6
years; information is stored primarily in sensory images, usually visual
Symbolic Mode Ans-The third (language-based) mode of representation in Bruner's theory;
7 years and up; knowledge is stored primarily as language, mathematical symbols, or in other
symbol systems
Spiral Curriculum (Bruner) Ans-Bruner's design for teaching that introduces the fundamental
structure of all subjects early in the school years, then revisits the subjects in more and more
complex forms over time.
Differentiated Instruction Ans-Practice of individualizing instructional methods, and possibly
also individualizing specific content and instructional goals, to align with each student's existing
knowledge, skills, and needs.
Erikson Ans-This theorist would give assignment based on ability level and provide frequent
opportunities for success
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory Ans-8 stage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan
consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma
Trust vs. Mistrust Ans-Erikson's first stage (birth to 18 months) in which infants learn to trust
when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Ans-Erikson's second stage (18 months to 3 years) in which
a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame
and doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt Ans-Erikson's third stage (3 to 5 years) in which the child finds
independence in planning, playing and other activities
Industry vs. Inferiority Ans-Erikson's fourth stage (6 and 11 years) in when the child learns to
be productive
Identity vs. Role Confusion Ans-Erikson's fifth stage (12 to 18 years) in which teenagers and
young adults search for and become their true selves
Intimacy vs. Isolation Ans-Erikson's sixth stage (18-40 years) in which individuals form deeply
personal relationships, marry, begin families
Generativity vs. Stagnation Ans-Erikson's seventh stage (40-65 years) in which middle-aged
people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
Integrity vs. Despair Ans-Erikson's final stage (65 and older) in which those near the end of
life look back and evaluate their lives
John B. Watson Ans-behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their
reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a
white rat
Watson Ans-This theorist would give students rewards for positive behavior and academic
success and a consequence for negative behavior and lack of academic progress
Jerome Bruner Ans-a constructivist theorist who contributed the three modes of
representation to the field of cognitive development
Enactive Mode Ans-The first (action-based) mode of representation in Bruner's theory; 0-1
year; knowledge is primarily stored in motor responses and thinking occurs through physical
actions
Iconic Mode Ans-The second (image-based) mode of representation in Bruner's theory; 1-6
years; information is stored primarily in sensory images, usually visual
Symbolic Mode Ans-The third (language-based) mode of representation in Bruner's theory;
7 years and up; knowledge is stored primarily as language, mathematical symbols, or in other
symbol systems
Spiral Curriculum (Bruner) Ans-Bruner's design for teaching that introduces the fundamental
structure of all subjects early in the school years, then revisits the subjects in more and more
complex forms over time.
Differentiated Instruction Ans-Practice of individualizing instructional methods, and possibly
also individualizing specific content and instructional goals, to align with each student's existing
knowledge, skills, and needs.
Erikson Ans-This theorist would give assignment based on ability level and provide frequent
opportunities for success
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory Ans-8 stage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan
consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma
Trust vs. Mistrust Ans-Erikson's first stage (birth to 18 months) in which infants learn to trust
when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Ans-Erikson's second stage (18 months to 3 years) in which
a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame
and doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt Ans-Erikson's third stage (3 to 5 years) in which the child finds
independence in planning, playing and other activities
Industry vs. Inferiority Ans-Erikson's fourth stage (6 and 11 years) in when the child learns to
be productive
Identity vs. Role Confusion Ans-Erikson's fifth stage (12 to 18 years) in which teenagers and
young adults search for and become their true selves
Intimacy vs. Isolation Ans-Erikson's sixth stage (18-40 years) in which individuals form deeply
personal relationships, marry, begin families
Generativity vs. Stagnation Ans-Erikson's seventh stage (40-65 years) in which middle-aged
people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
Integrity vs. Despair Ans-Erikson's final stage (65 and older) in which those near the end of
life look back and evaluate their lives
John B. Watson Ans-behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their
reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a
white rat
Watson Ans-This theorist would give students rewards for positive behavior and academic
success and a consequence for negative behavior and lack of academic progress
