Science Medicine Nutrition
Pathophysiology Exam 2
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DO1 Quiz 6 (Tuesday class) PATHO Med Surg Exam 3 week 14 vocab PN Hea
Teacher 40 terms 22 terms 48 terms 23 terms
Mel2285 Preview gabbysarina Preview Emily_Wall31 Preview sha
Terms in this set (199) Hide definitions
Nutrition Definition: Process of ingesting and utilizing nutrients for energy
-Cells must have enough nutrients to grow, repair and maintain themselves
(metabolic processes)
Nutrients Definition: substances (food or liquid) that provide chemicals the body will use
for metabolism; include water, macronutrients µnutrients
-Macronutrients: include fats, carbohydrates, and proteins (and nucleic acids)
-Micronutrients: include vitamins and minerals
-Essential nutrients: Those that must be consumed because the body is unable to
produce them
Macronutrients These are what provide us with energy and building blocks
carbohydrates, fats, proteins (nucleic acids),
,Micronutrients Definition: nutrients needed in small amounts, but essential for body function,
metabolism, and health; vitamins and minerals
-Vitamins act as helpers (coenzymes, antioxidants, regulators) in almost every
metabolic process.
-Major minerals: Needed in larger amounts (electrolytes, bone health, muscle
function).
-Bound minerals: Often carried by proteins for stability and absorption.
-Trace minerals: Needed in tiny amounts but vital for enzymes, hormones, and
metabolic control.
Vitamins Roles:
-Hormone formation: e.g., Vitamin D acts like a hormone to regulate calcium
levels.
-Cofactors/coenzymes: help enzymes work properly in biochemical reactions
(e.g., B vitamins).
-Electron/hydrogen transfer: important in energy metabolism (e.g., Niacin =
NAD⁺/NADH cycle).
-Antioxidant activity: protect cells from damage by free radicals (e.g., Vitamins C
& E).
Fat-soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K): stored, can be toxic in excess
Water-soluble Vitamins (B, C): not stored, need regular intake
Micronutrients Minerals Definition: inorganic elements, micronutrients, essential for structure, nerve and
muscle function, enzyme activity, and fluid balance; needed in small amounts, but
they play critical roles in maintaining normal physiology.
Major minerals: Needed in larger amounts (electrolytes, bone health, muscle
function); Sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur
Bound minerals: usually attached to proteins or other molecules in the body,
which helps regulate their absorption and function; Fluoride, iron, copper and
zinc
Trace minerals: Needed in tiny amounts but vital for enzymes, hormones, and
metabolic control; iodine, manganese, selenium, cobalt, boron, chromium, and
molybdenum
, Major Minerals (Macrominerals) Needed in an amount of 100 milligrams or more each day!
Sodium (Na⁺): Maintains fluid balance, supports nerve impulses and muscle
contraction
Calcium (Ca²⁺): Builds bones and teeth, aids muscle contraction, nerve signaling,
and blood clotting
Potassium (K⁺): Works with sodium to maintain heart rhythm, nerve, and muscle
function
Phosphorus (P): Forms bones, teeth, ATP, and part of DNA/RNA
Magnesium (Mg²⁺): Activates enzymes, aids ATP production, muscle relaxation,
and nerve transmission
Sulfur (S): Found in certain amino acids and vitamins; helps make proteins and
connective tissue
"Always Bound" Minerals These minerals are usually attached to proteins or other molecules in the body
("always bound"), which helps regulate their absorption and function.
Fluoride (F⁻): Strengthens tooth enamel, supports bone health
Iron (Fe): Part of hemoglobin and myoglobin → carries oxygen in blood and
muscle
Copper (Cu): Aids iron metabolism, collagen formation, and energy production
Zinc (Zn): Needed for enzyme activity, immune defense, wound healing, and
growth
Pathophysiology Exam 2
Leave the first rating
Save
Students also studied
Flashcard sets Study guides
DO1 Quiz 6 (Tuesday class) PATHO Med Surg Exam 3 week 14 vocab PN Hea
Teacher 40 terms 22 terms 48 terms 23 terms
Mel2285 Preview gabbysarina Preview Emily_Wall31 Preview sha
Terms in this set (199) Hide definitions
Nutrition Definition: Process of ingesting and utilizing nutrients for energy
-Cells must have enough nutrients to grow, repair and maintain themselves
(metabolic processes)
Nutrients Definition: substances (food or liquid) that provide chemicals the body will use
for metabolism; include water, macronutrients µnutrients
-Macronutrients: include fats, carbohydrates, and proteins (and nucleic acids)
-Micronutrients: include vitamins and minerals
-Essential nutrients: Those that must be consumed because the body is unable to
produce them
Macronutrients These are what provide us with energy and building blocks
carbohydrates, fats, proteins (nucleic acids),
,Micronutrients Definition: nutrients needed in small amounts, but essential for body function,
metabolism, and health; vitamins and minerals
-Vitamins act as helpers (coenzymes, antioxidants, regulators) in almost every
metabolic process.
-Major minerals: Needed in larger amounts (electrolytes, bone health, muscle
function).
-Bound minerals: Often carried by proteins for stability and absorption.
-Trace minerals: Needed in tiny amounts but vital for enzymes, hormones, and
metabolic control.
Vitamins Roles:
-Hormone formation: e.g., Vitamin D acts like a hormone to regulate calcium
levels.
-Cofactors/coenzymes: help enzymes work properly in biochemical reactions
(e.g., B vitamins).
-Electron/hydrogen transfer: important in energy metabolism (e.g., Niacin =
NAD⁺/NADH cycle).
-Antioxidant activity: protect cells from damage by free radicals (e.g., Vitamins C
& E).
Fat-soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K): stored, can be toxic in excess
Water-soluble Vitamins (B, C): not stored, need regular intake
Micronutrients Minerals Definition: inorganic elements, micronutrients, essential for structure, nerve and
muscle function, enzyme activity, and fluid balance; needed in small amounts, but
they play critical roles in maintaining normal physiology.
Major minerals: Needed in larger amounts (electrolytes, bone health, muscle
function); Sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur
Bound minerals: usually attached to proteins or other molecules in the body,
which helps regulate their absorption and function; Fluoride, iron, copper and
zinc
Trace minerals: Needed in tiny amounts but vital for enzymes, hormones, and
metabolic control; iodine, manganese, selenium, cobalt, boron, chromium, and
molybdenum
, Major Minerals (Macrominerals) Needed in an amount of 100 milligrams or more each day!
Sodium (Na⁺): Maintains fluid balance, supports nerve impulses and muscle
contraction
Calcium (Ca²⁺): Builds bones and teeth, aids muscle contraction, nerve signaling,
and blood clotting
Potassium (K⁺): Works with sodium to maintain heart rhythm, nerve, and muscle
function
Phosphorus (P): Forms bones, teeth, ATP, and part of DNA/RNA
Magnesium (Mg²⁺): Activates enzymes, aids ATP production, muscle relaxation,
and nerve transmission
Sulfur (S): Found in certain amino acids and vitamins; helps make proteins and
connective tissue
"Always Bound" Minerals These minerals are usually attached to proteins or other molecules in the body
("always bound"), which helps regulate their absorption and function.
Fluoride (F⁻): Strengthens tooth enamel, supports bone health
Iron (Fe): Part of hemoglobin and myoglobin → carries oxygen in blood and
muscle
Copper (Cu): Aids iron metabolism, collagen formation, and energy production
Zinc (Zn): Needed for enzyme activity, immune defense, wound healing, and
growth
