BIO 201 EXAM 4 ASU EXAMPREP STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS COMPLETE REVIEW MATERIAL
●● Define caudal
Answer: towards the tail
●● Define cortex
Answer: surface layer of grey matter
●● Define nuclei
Answer: deeper masses of grey matter
●● Define tracts
Answer: bundles of myelinated axons (white matter)
●● Compare the volume of the cerebrum and cerebellum
Answer: The cerebrum is about 83% of the total brain volume, but the
cerebellum contains over half of all neurons.
●● List the components of the brainstem
Answer: Diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
,●● Locate the longitudinal fissure, central sulcus, gyri, and sulci
Answer: Longitudinal fissure: separates the hemispheres
Central sulcus: separates the frontal and parietal lobes
Gyri: folds
Sucli: shallow grooves
●● Compare and contrast grey and white matter
Answer: White matter is myelinated axons that are sending signals. Grey
matter is unmyelinated axon bodies receiving signaling.m
●● Describe the meninges
Answer: Made of three layers. Most superficial to deep: Dura mater,
arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
●● Describe each layer of the meninges
Answer: Dura mater: creates supportive structure, tough membrane
Arachnoid mater: spider web filamentous and shiny layer
Pia mater: thin, vascular layer, adheres to the contours of the brain
●● Give symptoms and diagnostics of meningitis
,Answer: It is the inflammation of the meninges. Patient will present with
flu like symptoms with pain and stiffness in the neck. Diagnosed by
identifying viral or bacterial invasion in the CSF from a lumbar tap.
●● List the ventricles and canals of the brain
Answer: Lateral ventricles: inside cerebral hemispheres (total of two)
Third ventricle: a single vertical space under the corpus callosum
Cerebral aqueduct: runs through the midbrain
Fourth ventricle: small chamber between the pons and cerebellum
Central canal: runs through the spinal cord
●● What is CSF? How is it produced?
Answer: Cerebral spinal fluid. It is made from ependymal cells that line
the ventricles and canals; they also contain choroid plexus that make
CSF. It is absorbed by arachnoid villi into venous sinus
●● Function of CSF
Answer: Buoyancy, protection, and chemical stability.
●● Consequence of lack of blood flow to the brain
Answer: 10 seconds can cause loss of consciousness. 1-2 minutes could
cause impairment of neurological function. 4 minutes or more could
cause irreversible brain damage
, ●● Define the Brain Barrier System(s)
Answer: Two in total, work to prevent antibodies, macrophages,
bacterial toxins, and other damaging pathogens from entering and
damaging the brain
●● Define Blood-CSF barrier
Answer: Made of capillaries of the choroid plexus, use ependymal cells
with tight junctions. Prevents CSF and blood from mixing
●● Define Blood Brain Barrier
Answer: Created by using astrocytes that reach out and grab each other
to create a sturdy barrier. Also has endothelial cell tight junctions.
Prevents blood from entering the brain without proper filtration.
Permeable to lipid-soluble materials
●● List components of the hindbrain
Answer: Medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum
●● Describe the medulla oblongata and list its functions
Answer: 3 cm extension of spinal cord, contains ascending and
descending nerve tracts. Controls heart rate and force, blood vessel
diameter, and the control of depth and rate of breathing, as well as
reflexes.
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS COMPLETE REVIEW MATERIAL
●● Define caudal
Answer: towards the tail
●● Define cortex
Answer: surface layer of grey matter
●● Define nuclei
Answer: deeper masses of grey matter
●● Define tracts
Answer: bundles of myelinated axons (white matter)
●● Compare the volume of the cerebrum and cerebellum
Answer: The cerebrum is about 83% of the total brain volume, but the
cerebellum contains over half of all neurons.
●● List the components of the brainstem
Answer: Diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
,●● Locate the longitudinal fissure, central sulcus, gyri, and sulci
Answer: Longitudinal fissure: separates the hemispheres
Central sulcus: separates the frontal and parietal lobes
Gyri: folds
Sucli: shallow grooves
●● Compare and contrast grey and white matter
Answer: White matter is myelinated axons that are sending signals. Grey
matter is unmyelinated axon bodies receiving signaling.m
●● Describe the meninges
Answer: Made of three layers. Most superficial to deep: Dura mater,
arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
●● Describe each layer of the meninges
Answer: Dura mater: creates supportive structure, tough membrane
Arachnoid mater: spider web filamentous and shiny layer
Pia mater: thin, vascular layer, adheres to the contours of the brain
●● Give symptoms and diagnostics of meningitis
,Answer: It is the inflammation of the meninges. Patient will present with
flu like symptoms with pain and stiffness in the neck. Diagnosed by
identifying viral or bacterial invasion in the CSF from a lumbar tap.
●● List the ventricles and canals of the brain
Answer: Lateral ventricles: inside cerebral hemispheres (total of two)
Third ventricle: a single vertical space under the corpus callosum
Cerebral aqueduct: runs through the midbrain
Fourth ventricle: small chamber between the pons and cerebellum
Central canal: runs through the spinal cord
●● What is CSF? How is it produced?
Answer: Cerebral spinal fluid. It is made from ependymal cells that line
the ventricles and canals; they also contain choroid plexus that make
CSF. It is absorbed by arachnoid villi into venous sinus
●● Function of CSF
Answer: Buoyancy, protection, and chemical stability.
●● Consequence of lack of blood flow to the brain
Answer: 10 seconds can cause loss of consciousness. 1-2 minutes could
cause impairment of neurological function. 4 minutes or more could
cause irreversible brain damage
, ●● Define the Brain Barrier System(s)
Answer: Two in total, work to prevent antibodies, macrophages,
bacterial toxins, and other damaging pathogens from entering and
damaging the brain
●● Define Blood-CSF barrier
Answer: Made of capillaries of the choroid plexus, use ependymal cells
with tight junctions. Prevents CSF and blood from mixing
●● Define Blood Brain Barrier
Answer: Created by using astrocytes that reach out and grab each other
to create a sturdy barrier. Also has endothelial cell tight junctions.
Prevents blood from entering the brain without proper filtration.
Permeable to lipid-soluble materials
●● List components of the hindbrain
Answer: Medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum
●● Describe the medulla oblongata and list its functions
Answer: 3 cm extension of spinal cord, contains ascending and
descending nerve tracts. Controls heart rate and force, blood vessel
diameter, and the control of depth and rate of breathing, as well as
reflexes.
