ADVANCED PATHOPHARMACOLOGICAL
FOUNDATIONS 2 FLASHCARDS AND HIGH-
YIELD TOPICS 2026
◉ Autosomal Recessive. Answer: Both parents are carriers, 25%
change of child having, 50% chance child is a carrier.
◉ Cystic Fibrosis. Answer: affects pancreas causing secretions in
lungs
◉ 21st Trisomy. Answer: Down Syndrome
◉ Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY). Answer: male has extra X, female like
qualities
◉ Turner Syndrome. Answer: Missing X in females
◉ Alpha Thalassemia. Answer: inherited blood disorder; mild to
severe anemia
◉ Beta Thallasemia. Answer: low hemoglobin; contraindicated
medication ferrous sulfate
,◉ Prevalence Risk. Answer: proportion of the population affected at
a certain time
◉ Incidence rate. Answer: number of new cases divided by
population
◉ Innate immunity. Answer: inflammation; increased vascular
permeability
◉ B&T lymphocytes. Answer: immune response
◉ primary malignant tumor. Answer: lack of organization of cells
◉ glucocorticoids. Answer: used in combination with other agent to
treat lymphoid tissue (leukemia). glucocorticoids are directly toxic
to lymphoid tissues.
◉ Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM). Answer: for
hormone receptor positive and advanced breast cancer. (Tamoxifin
reduces risk and recurrence risk)
◉ Heart failure. Answer: impairment of the ventricle to fill with or
eject blood; heart cannot meet metabolic need of the body.
, ◉ CHF. Answer: heart cannot keep up with metabolic needs; volume
overload in pulmonary area
◉ Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Answer: reduced ejection fraction;
ventricle having issue ejecting blood.
◉ normal ejection fraction. Answer: 55 - 60 % (blood pumped out
with each heartbeat)
◉ Ejection fraction of 50% - reduced or preserved?. Answer:
preserved
◉ Diastolic CHF. Answer: preserved ejection fraction, problem is
with filling
◉ Systolic CHF. Answer: reduced ejection fraction, problem is with
ejecting
◉ Left sided CHF. Answer: pulmonary (JVD, fluid volume overload,
rails, S-3 murmurs) ** #1 cause of Right sided CHF
◉ BNP. Answer: gold standard lab test to diagnose CHF
FOUNDATIONS 2 FLASHCARDS AND HIGH-
YIELD TOPICS 2026
◉ Autosomal Recessive. Answer: Both parents are carriers, 25%
change of child having, 50% chance child is a carrier.
◉ Cystic Fibrosis. Answer: affects pancreas causing secretions in
lungs
◉ 21st Trisomy. Answer: Down Syndrome
◉ Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY). Answer: male has extra X, female like
qualities
◉ Turner Syndrome. Answer: Missing X in females
◉ Alpha Thalassemia. Answer: inherited blood disorder; mild to
severe anemia
◉ Beta Thallasemia. Answer: low hemoglobin; contraindicated
medication ferrous sulfate
,◉ Prevalence Risk. Answer: proportion of the population affected at
a certain time
◉ Incidence rate. Answer: number of new cases divided by
population
◉ Innate immunity. Answer: inflammation; increased vascular
permeability
◉ B&T lymphocytes. Answer: immune response
◉ primary malignant tumor. Answer: lack of organization of cells
◉ glucocorticoids. Answer: used in combination with other agent to
treat lymphoid tissue (leukemia). glucocorticoids are directly toxic
to lymphoid tissues.
◉ Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM). Answer: for
hormone receptor positive and advanced breast cancer. (Tamoxifin
reduces risk and recurrence risk)
◉ Heart failure. Answer: impairment of the ventricle to fill with or
eject blood; heart cannot meet metabolic need of the body.
, ◉ CHF. Answer: heart cannot keep up with metabolic needs; volume
overload in pulmonary area
◉ Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Answer: reduced ejection fraction;
ventricle having issue ejecting blood.
◉ normal ejection fraction. Answer: 55 - 60 % (blood pumped out
with each heartbeat)
◉ Ejection fraction of 50% - reduced or preserved?. Answer:
preserved
◉ Diastolic CHF. Answer: preserved ejection fraction, problem is
with filling
◉ Systolic CHF. Answer: reduced ejection fraction, problem is with
ejecting
◉ Left sided CHF. Answer: pulmonary (JVD, fluid volume overload,
rails, S-3 murmurs) ** #1 cause of Right sided CHF
◉ BNP. Answer: gold standard lab test to diagnose CHF
