ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTMB 5355
EXAM 4 2026 FINAL REVIEW PACK CORE
CONCEPTS AND NOTES A+
◉ Neurotransmitter Receptor Hypothesis linked to depression.
Answer: A deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters at neuronal
synapses.
◉ Antidepressants increase. Answer: Neuronal synaptic levels of
monoamine neurotransmitters.
◉ if you have more receptors than neurotransmitters. Answer:
Neurotransmitters do not have time to re-charge thus, they do not
function properly.
◉ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System Dysregulation.
Answer: HPA system dysregulation with excessive glucocorticoid
secretion is found in a large percentage of people suffering from
major depression.
◉ Patho of Alzheimer's includes - plaque formation, presence of --,
with decreased levels of -. Answer: Amyloid B, neurofibrillary
tangles, acetylcholine these disrupt impulse transmission
,◉ neurofibrillary tangles. Answer: are a deformation of the structure
that carries nutrients to neurons of the brain.
◉ Decreased levels of choline acetyl transferase and acetylcholine is
associated with. Answer: Memory loss
◉ Most common cause of dementia. Answer: Alzheimer's disease
fatal 5-10 years
◉ Characteristics of Alzheimer's. Answer: Loss of memory, language
, inability to learn new things, dysfunction, delusions, cannot
perform ADLs, majorly effects social life
◉ Parkinson's Disease is. Answer: Chronic motor progressive neuro-
degenerative known as a shaking palsy
◉ Parkinson's disease is associated with. Answer: basal ganglia
dysfunction and atrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that
produce dopamine;
◉ Characteristics of Parkinson's disease. Answer: Tremors at rest,
rigidity, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity and postural abnormalities.
◉ 2 Main Categories of CVA. Answer: Hemorrhagic and Ischemic
, ◉ Hemorrhagic CVA. Answer: Blood produces inflammatory
reaction, swelling, displaces brain tissue and increases ICP
◉ 2 types of hemorrhagic stroke. Answer: Intracerebral and
subarachnoid
◉ Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Answer: Blood vessel leaks directly
into brain tissue
◉ Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Answer: Bleeding into the
subarachnoid space, caused by trauma, aneurysm rupture presents
as "worst headache of life". surgical emergency
◉ Ischemic CVA. Answer: reduction in cerebral blood flow results in
hypoxia and irreversible cell death with associated cerebral edema
◉ 3 types of ischemic CVA. Answer: thrombotic, embolic,
hypercoagulable states.
◉ Thrombotic. Answer: caused by atherosclerosis blocking vessels.
obstruction of blood vessel due to localized occlusive process
EXAM 4 2026 FINAL REVIEW PACK CORE
CONCEPTS AND NOTES A+
◉ Neurotransmitter Receptor Hypothesis linked to depression.
Answer: A deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters at neuronal
synapses.
◉ Antidepressants increase. Answer: Neuronal synaptic levels of
monoamine neurotransmitters.
◉ if you have more receptors than neurotransmitters. Answer:
Neurotransmitters do not have time to re-charge thus, they do not
function properly.
◉ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System Dysregulation.
Answer: HPA system dysregulation with excessive glucocorticoid
secretion is found in a large percentage of people suffering from
major depression.
◉ Patho of Alzheimer's includes - plaque formation, presence of --,
with decreased levels of -. Answer: Amyloid B, neurofibrillary
tangles, acetylcholine these disrupt impulse transmission
,◉ neurofibrillary tangles. Answer: are a deformation of the structure
that carries nutrients to neurons of the brain.
◉ Decreased levels of choline acetyl transferase and acetylcholine is
associated with. Answer: Memory loss
◉ Most common cause of dementia. Answer: Alzheimer's disease
fatal 5-10 years
◉ Characteristics of Alzheimer's. Answer: Loss of memory, language
, inability to learn new things, dysfunction, delusions, cannot
perform ADLs, majorly effects social life
◉ Parkinson's Disease is. Answer: Chronic motor progressive neuro-
degenerative known as a shaking palsy
◉ Parkinson's disease is associated with. Answer: basal ganglia
dysfunction and atrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that
produce dopamine;
◉ Characteristics of Parkinson's disease. Answer: Tremors at rest,
rigidity, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity and postural abnormalities.
◉ 2 Main Categories of CVA. Answer: Hemorrhagic and Ischemic
, ◉ Hemorrhagic CVA. Answer: Blood produces inflammatory
reaction, swelling, displaces brain tissue and increases ICP
◉ 2 types of hemorrhagic stroke. Answer: Intracerebral and
subarachnoid
◉ Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Answer: Blood vessel leaks directly
into brain tissue
◉ Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Answer: Bleeding into the
subarachnoid space, caused by trauma, aneurysm rupture presents
as "worst headache of life". surgical emergency
◉ Ischemic CVA. Answer: reduction in cerebral blood flow results in
hypoxia and irreversible cell death with associated cerebral edema
◉ 3 types of ischemic CVA. Answer: thrombotic, embolic,
hypercoagulable states.
◉ Thrombotic. Answer: caused by atherosclerosis blocking vessels.
obstruction of blood vessel due to localized occlusive process
