ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTMB 5355
EXAM 4 2026 MOCK EXAM PRACTICE SET
WITH EXPLANATIONS A+
◉ Proto-oncogenes. Answer: promote normal cell growth factor and
division
◉ If proto-oncogenes are mutated the become -. Answer: Oncogenes
◉ Tumor Supressor Genes (TSGs) are. Answer: Antioncogenes
◉ antioncogenes. Answer: inhibit tumor progression & prevent
mutations
◉ Cancer develops with increase in - and decrease in -. Answer:
oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
◉ What are the 2 main types of Tumor Suppressor Genes?. Answer:
Gatekeepers & Caretakers
◉ tumor suppressor genes. Answer: encode proteins that inhibit
growth, prevent and repair mutations but if mutated will increase
cancer risk
,◉ Gatekeeper. Answer: regulate cell proliferation, cell type specific,
normally prevent uncontrolled growth and potential progression of
cancer
◉ Caretaker. Answer: suppress gene mutations, repair DNA, if not
functioning correctly mutation can occur
◉ How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?. Answer:
Inflammation increases free radicals and reactive oxygen species
which promote mutation
◉ interfere with insulin signaling leading to insulin resistance in
stress, obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes.. Answer: Pro-inflammatory
cytokines
◉ TP53 gene. Answer: tumor suppressor gene, if lost due to
mutation cells escape apoptosis and can divide indefinitely
increasing risk of cancer
◉ tumor necrosis factor is _ cytokine. Answer: pro-inflammatory,
may be related to carcinogenesis
◉ 4 functions of TNF. Answer: 1)cell survival
, 2)cell proliferation
3) cell differentiation
4)cell death
◉ CA therapy in relation to TNF. Answer: Modulation of
TNF/receptors
◉ tumor markers. Answer: not used to diagnose, but can be useful in
surveillance of cancers or after cancer treatments, elevated in some
cancers
◉ tumor markers are produced by both. Answer: benign &
malignant cells, increased levels seen in cancerous/noncancerous
tumors
◉ tumor markers include. Answer: hormones, enzymes, genes,
antigens and antibodies
◉ CA19-9. Answer: pancreatic cancer
◉ CA-125. Answer: ovarian cancer
◉ Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Answer: hepatic, germ cell CA
EXAM 4 2026 MOCK EXAM PRACTICE SET
WITH EXPLANATIONS A+
◉ Proto-oncogenes. Answer: promote normal cell growth factor and
division
◉ If proto-oncogenes are mutated the become -. Answer: Oncogenes
◉ Tumor Supressor Genes (TSGs) are. Answer: Antioncogenes
◉ antioncogenes. Answer: inhibit tumor progression & prevent
mutations
◉ Cancer develops with increase in - and decrease in -. Answer:
oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
◉ What are the 2 main types of Tumor Suppressor Genes?. Answer:
Gatekeepers & Caretakers
◉ tumor suppressor genes. Answer: encode proteins that inhibit
growth, prevent and repair mutations but if mutated will increase
cancer risk
,◉ Gatekeeper. Answer: regulate cell proliferation, cell type specific,
normally prevent uncontrolled growth and potential progression of
cancer
◉ Caretaker. Answer: suppress gene mutations, repair DNA, if not
functioning correctly mutation can occur
◉ How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?. Answer:
Inflammation increases free radicals and reactive oxygen species
which promote mutation
◉ interfere with insulin signaling leading to insulin resistance in
stress, obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes.. Answer: Pro-inflammatory
cytokines
◉ TP53 gene. Answer: tumor suppressor gene, if lost due to
mutation cells escape apoptosis and can divide indefinitely
increasing risk of cancer
◉ tumor necrosis factor is _ cytokine. Answer: pro-inflammatory,
may be related to carcinogenesis
◉ 4 functions of TNF. Answer: 1)cell survival
, 2)cell proliferation
3) cell differentiation
4)cell death
◉ CA therapy in relation to TNF. Answer: Modulation of
TNF/receptors
◉ tumor markers. Answer: not used to diagnose, but can be useful in
surveillance of cancers or after cancer treatments, elevated in some
cancers
◉ tumor markers are produced by both. Answer: benign &
malignant cells, increased levels seen in cancerous/noncancerous
tumors
◉ tumor markers include. Answer: hormones, enzymes, genes,
antigens and antibodies
◉ CA19-9. Answer: pancreatic cancer
◉ CA-125. Answer: ovarian cancer
◉ Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Answer: hepatic, germ cell CA
