BIOS 242 EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉ What are examples of third line of defense?.
Answer: B and T cells
◉ classify the elements of the first line of defense.
Answer: Cilia, ear wax, skin, mucus, lactoferrin, tears
◉ classify the elements of the second line of defense.
Answer: inflammation, lysosomes, phagocytosis, phagolysosome,
complement
◉ classify the elements of the third line of defense.
Answer: B cells, antibodies, plasma cells
◉ what are the appearance and functions of neutrophils?.
Answer: phagocytic, found in blood, first to respond, increase during
bacterial infections
,◉ what are the appearance and functions of Eosinophils?.
Answer: Active in protozoal, helminth reactions, usually found in low
numbers, elevated in allergic reactions
◉ what are the appearance and functions of Basophils?.
Answer: function in inflammatory events, usually found in low
numbers
◉ what are the appearance and functions of mast cells?.
Answer: found in the tissues, similar to basophils, contain
histamines
◉ What are the 7 steps of phagocytosis?.
Answer: chemotaxis, adhesion, engulfment, phagosome,
phagolysosome formation, destruction, residual release and
presents to T cells
◉ What is Chemotaxis?.
Answer: phagocytes moves to site of injury following trails of
chemicals released by damaged tissues
◉ What is Adhesion.
, Answer: PAMPs are going to be recognized by PRRs on host and
attach to bacterial cell
◉ PAMP.
Answer: pathogen associated molecular patterns
◉ examples of PAMP.
Answer: peptidoglycan, bacterial flagella, lipopolysaccharides, and
techoic acid
◉ PRRs.
Answer: pattern recognition receptors used by host cells to
recognize PAMPs
◉ engulfment.
Answer: cell is going to engulf the bacteria into a phagocytic vesicle
◉ phagosome.
Answer: once engulfment is complete itforms phagosome
◉ phagolysosome.
Answer: host lysosome attach to the phagosome
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉ What are examples of third line of defense?.
Answer: B and T cells
◉ classify the elements of the first line of defense.
Answer: Cilia, ear wax, skin, mucus, lactoferrin, tears
◉ classify the elements of the second line of defense.
Answer: inflammation, lysosomes, phagocytosis, phagolysosome,
complement
◉ classify the elements of the third line of defense.
Answer: B cells, antibodies, plasma cells
◉ what are the appearance and functions of neutrophils?.
Answer: phagocytic, found in blood, first to respond, increase during
bacterial infections
,◉ what are the appearance and functions of Eosinophils?.
Answer: Active in protozoal, helminth reactions, usually found in low
numbers, elevated in allergic reactions
◉ what are the appearance and functions of Basophils?.
Answer: function in inflammatory events, usually found in low
numbers
◉ what are the appearance and functions of mast cells?.
Answer: found in the tissues, similar to basophils, contain
histamines
◉ What are the 7 steps of phagocytosis?.
Answer: chemotaxis, adhesion, engulfment, phagosome,
phagolysosome formation, destruction, residual release and
presents to T cells
◉ What is Chemotaxis?.
Answer: phagocytes moves to site of injury following trails of
chemicals released by damaged tissues
◉ What is Adhesion.
, Answer: PAMPs are going to be recognized by PRRs on host and
attach to bacterial cell
◉ PAMP.
Answer: pathogen associated molecular patterns
◉ examples of PAMP.
Answer: peptidoglycan, bacterial flagella, lipopolysaccharides, and
techoic acid
◉ PRRs.
Answer: pattern recognition receptors used by host cells to
recognize PAMPs
◉ engulfment.
Answer: cell is going to engulf the bacteria into a phagocytic vesicle
◉ phagosome.
Answer: once engulfment is complete itforms phagosome
◉ phagolysosome.
Answer: host lysosome attach to the phagosome
