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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY (BARLOW
& DURAND) TEST 1 (CH 1-4) 2026
ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS.
Bio-psychological dysfunction - ANSWER-"Harmful
Dysfunction" -Wakefield
Harmful: cultural values of distress, functional impairment, or
what behaviors lead to increased risk to organism or to death
(social value issue).
Dysfunction: mental function not working as it was intended to
function.
Onset of disorder - ANSWER-Early: before age 21
Late: 21 years and older
Acute: sudden
Insidious: develops over time
Research-practitioner role - ANSWER-Prominent model of
training prevalent today in the PhD clinical/counseling
psychology programs.
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Biological tradition - ANSWER-Hippocrates: "balance theory of
personality" (sanguine, melancholic, calm, excitable)
Pasteur: 1870s; Germ Theory of Disease
Kraepelin: 1900s; biological causes of physical and mental
illness
Gray: 1850; editor of American Journal of Insanity (psychiatry)
Cerletti & Beni: 1930s; electro-convulsive shock
1950s: major medicines introduced to treat severely mentally ill
Psychopathology - ANSWER-comes from inside the body
issue.
Psychological tradition - ANSWER-Pinel: 1745 France
Tuke: 1732 England
Dorothea Dix: mid-19th century U.S.
Allyson & Azrin: mid-1960s U.S. mental hospitals; token
economy behavioral rx.
Psychoanalytic tradition - ANSWER-Freud: 20th century;
psychoanalysis
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Behavioral tradition - ANSWER-B.F. Skinner & Pavlov: 20th
century; learning-theory based treatment
Contemporary learning theory - ANSWER-Mark Bouton:
cognitive synthesis in learning
Pavlov: when we were born, we quickly learned emotionally to
discriminate the difference between good stimuli and bad
stimuli.
Skinner: we learned to "approach" the good stimulus cue
learning (S:CS) and "avoid" the harmful stimulus cue learning
(S:CS); the emotional results of our approach/avoidance
behaviors are consequences = S*:UCS (reinforcers).
Without Pavlovian and Skinnerian learning we would not have
been able to adapt to this planet.
Biopsychosocial Model of mental illness - ANSWER-Biological,
psychological, and social causes are always interacting; Barlow
and Durand's Integrative Approach.
McCullough's Rule of Treatment - ANSWER-The way you
define the concept of psychological disorder (psychopathology)
determines the way you treat it.
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY (BARLOW
& DURAND) TEST 1 (CH 1-4) 2026
ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS.
Bio-psychological dysfunction - ANSWER-"Harmful
Dysfunction" -Wakefield
Harmful: cultural values of distress, functional impairment, or
what behaviors lead to increased risk to organism or to death
(social value issue).
Dysfunction: mental function not working as it was intended to
function.
Onset of disorder - ANSWER-Early: before age 21
Late: 21 years and older
Acute: sudden
Insidious: develops over time
Research-practitioner role - ANSWER-Prominent model of
training prevalent today in the PhD clinical/counseling
psychology programs.
,2 | Page
Biological tradition - ANSWER-Hippocrates: "balance theory of
personality" (sanguine, melancholic, calm, excitable)
Pasteur: 1870s; Germ Theory of Disease
Kraepelin: 1900s; biological causes of physical and mental
illness
Gray: 1850; editor of American Journal of Insanity (psychiatry)
Cerletti & Beni: 1930s; electro-convulsive shock
1950s: major medicines introduced to treat severely mentally ill
Psychopathology - ANSWER-comes from inside the body
issue.
Psychological tradition - ANSWER-Pinel: 1745 France
Tuke: 1732 England
Dorothea Dix: mid-19th century U.S.
Allyson & Azrin: mid-1960s U.S. mental hospitals; token
economy behavioral rx.
Psychoanalytic tradition - ANSWER-Freud: 20th century;
psychoanalysis
, 3 | Page
Behavioral tradition - ANSWER-B.F. Skinner & Pavlov: 20th
century; learning-theory based treatment
Contemporary learning theory - ANSWER-Mark Bouton:
cognitive synthesis in learning
Pavlov: when we were born, we quickly learned emotionally to
discriminate the difference between good stimuli and bad
stimuli.
Skinner: we learned to "approach" the good stimulus cue
learning (S:CS) and "avoid" the harmful stimulus cue learning
(S:CS); the emotional results of our approach/avoidance
behaviors are consequences = S*:UCS (reinforcers).
Without Pavlovian and Skinnerian learning we would not have
been able to adapt to this planet.
Biopsychosocial Model of mental illness - ANSWER-Biological,
psychological, and social causes are always interacting; Barlow
and Durand's Integrative Approach.
McCullough's Rule of Treatment - ANSWER-The way you
define the concept of psychological disorder (psychopathology)
determines the way you treat it.
