What is the most common cause of upper airway obstruction? - ANSWERThe tongue and jaw relaxation
occluding the posterior oropharynx
List important adjuncts often needed to help establish basic airway control: - ANSWERSuction
equipment to remove secretions from mouth and throat, chin lift-jaw thrust maneuver, oral/nasal
airway, bag-valve mask device and mouth-to-mask ventilation device.
What are the main indications for endotracheal intubation? - ANSWERTo address insufficient respiratory
effort, inadequate airway potency, to protect the airway, or improve oxygenation.
Examples: apnea or hypoventilation, burns, inhalational injury, acute airway obstruction, expanding
neck hematoma, hemodynamic instability, loss of protective reflexes, severe head injuries and tracheal
toilet.
Does tracheal intubation prevent aspiration? - ANSWERNot absolutely. Micro aspiration can still occur.
What are the possible deleterious effects of succinylcholine? - ANSWERIncreased intraocular (no
extrusion of eye contents ever reported) and intracranial pressure (debatable). Increase in intragastric
pressure is offset by increase in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone. The patient is only at increased
risk of aspiration if the LES is incompetent.
Hyperkalemia
Anaphylaxis
What maneuver should be performed during tracheal intubation in a patient with a full stomach? -
ANSWERSlice's maneuver (firm pressure over the cricoid cartilage, which collapses the esophagus and
prevents passively regurgitated gastric fluid from reaching the hypo pharynx).
, What is the correct position of the tip of the endotracheal tube? - ANSWERApproximately 4 cm above
the carina.
What are the two contraindications to nasotracheal intubation? - ANSWERMaxillofacial trauma (basilar
skull fracture) and coagulopathy.
What is the most complication of nasotracheal intubation - ANSWEREpistaxis
How long can a patient be supported with needle jet insufflation until an airway can be secured? -
ANSWERApproximately 45 to 60 mins
What limits the use of needle jet insufflation as an airway? - ANSWERHypercapnia, due to inadequate
ventilation.
When is an emergency cricothyroidotomy indicated? - ANSWERWhen pt can not be ventilated or
intubated needs an emergent airway.
What is the narrowest part of the respiratory tract in children? - ANSWERThe inferior ring portion of the
cricoid cartilage
Stridor is observed in what phase of respiration? - ANSWERInspiratory
What is the most common type of tracheo-esophageal fistula? - ANSWERBlind esophageal pouch with a
fistulous connection of the trachea to the distal esophagus.
Why does a newborn with a bilateral choanal atresia present with severe respiratory distress? -
ANSWERThe newborn is an obligatory nose breather.
According to Poiseuille's law, if the radius of the conducting airway is reduced from 4mm to mm,
resistance to airflow will increase by how much? - ANSWERSixteen-fold.
occluding the posterior oropharynx
List important adjuncts often needed to help establish basic airway control: - ANSWERSuction
equipment to remove secretions from mouth and throat, chin lift-jaw thrust maneuver, oral/nasal
airway, bag-valve mask device and mouth-to-mask ventilation device.
What are the main indications for endotracheal intubation? - ANSWERTo address insufficient respiratory
effort, inadequate airway potency, to protect the airway, or improve oxygenation.
Examples: apnea or hypoventilation, burns, inhalational injury, acute airway obstruction, expanding
neck hematoma, hemodynamic instability, loss of protective reflexes, severe head injuries and tracheal
toilet.
Does tracheal intubation prevent aspiration? - ANSWERNot absolutely. Micro aspiration can still occur.
What are the possible deleterious effects of succinylcholine? - ANSWERIncreased intraocular (no
extrusion of eye contents ever reported) and intracranial pressure (debatable). Increase in intragastric
pressure is offset by increase in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone. The patient is only at increased
risk of aspiration if the LES is incompetent.
Hyperkalemia
Anaphylaxis
What maneuver should be performed during tracheal intubation in a patient with a full stomach? -
ANSWERSlice's maneuver (firm pressure over the cricoid cartilage, which collapses the esophagus and
prevents passively regurgitated gastric fluid from reaching the hypo pharynx).
, What is the correct position of the tip of the endotracheal tube? - ANSWERApproximately 4 cm above
the carina.
What are the two contraindications to nasotracheal intubation? - ANSWERMaxillofacial trauma (basilar
skull fracture) and coagulopathy.
What is the most complication of nasotracheal intubation - ANSWEREpistaxis
How long can a patient be supported with needle jet insufflation until an airway can be secured? -
ANSWERApproximately 45 to 60 mins
What limits the use of needle jet insufflation as an airway? - ANSWERHypercapnia, due to inadequate
ventilation.
When is an emergency cricothyroidotomy indicated? - ANSWERWhen pt can not be ventilated or
intubated needs an emergent airway.
What is the narrowest part of the respiratory tract in children? - ANSWERThe inferior ring portion of the
cricoid cartilage
Stridor is observed in what phase of respiration? - ANSWERInspiratory
What is the most common type of tracheo-esophageal fistula? - ANSWERBlind esophageal pouch with a
fistulous connection of the trachea to the distal esophagus.
Why does a newborn with a bilateral choanal atresia present with severe respiratory distress? -
ANSWERThe newborn is an obligatory nose breather.
According to Poiseuille's law, if the radius of the conducting airway is reduced from 4mm to mm,
resistance to airflow will increase by how much? - ANSWERSixteen-fold.
